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A Scientologist is a person who adheres to the beliefs and practices of Scientology, a movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard in the mid-20th century. The term is used for individuals who participate in Scientology services or training offered by the Church of Scientology, whether as public members or as part of the organization's staff. Estimates of the number of Scientologists vary widely, with the Church claiming worldwide membership in the millions, while national censuses and independent surveys indicate global totals in the tens of thousands.

Definition

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A Scientologist is an adherent of the doctrines and practices of Scientology. The Church of Scientology states that "Scientologist" is a collective membership mark indicating membership in affiliated Scientology churches and missions.[1]

Public Scientologists are those individuals who are not staff. They pay the Church of Scientology for training or auditing services, and live and work independently of the organization.[2]: 70  Collectively, non-staff Scientologists may be referred to as "members", the "public", or the "field".[3]: 128, 228  Even though public members are not employed by the organization, they are ranked within the Church's chain of command and defer to all staff personnel, who are regarded as their seniors. Public members are frequently pressed into service for clerical or promotional tasks or to recruit new members.[3]: 180  Public members who recruit people for Scientology services are called "field staff members" (FSMs) and are paid a commission of 10%–15% of the amount their recruit pays for a service.[4][5][3]: 181 

Scientologists not in trouble with the ethics department are considered "in good standing" and are allowed to be on Church of Scientology premises, receive services, and attend events.[6]: 361  Those who practice Scientology‑derived techniques outside the Church in what is known as the Free Zone, or independent Scientology, are not recognized by the Church.

Membership statistics

[edit]

It is difficult to obtain reliable membership statistics. The International Association of Scientologists (IAS), the official Church of Scientology membership system since 1984, has never released figures.[7]: ix  Other Church spokespeople have cited membership numbers in the millions, though that represents a cumulative number of anyone who ever took a service or purchased a book from the organization.[8][9][10] Census and survey data have shown those numbers to be greatly exaggerated, and census tallies are declining in several countries.[11]: 27 

Census and survey data

[edit]

(in decreasing order of membership)

United States
A 2008 survey of American religious affiliations by the US Census Bureau estimated there to be 25,000 Americans identifying as Scientologists,[12][13] as did a 2008 Trinity College survey that also concluded there were 25,000 Scientologists.[14] The American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) found 45,000 Scientologists in the United States in 1990, 55,000 in 2001, and 25,000 in 2008.[15][16][17]: 145, 148 
Germany
In 2005, the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution estimated a total of 5,000–6,000 Scientologists in the country, and mentioned a count of 12,000 according to Scientology Germany.[18] Germany's government counted 3,600 German members in 2021.[19]
United Kingdom
The 2001 United Kingdom census contained a voluntary question on religion, to which approximately 48,000,000 chose to respond. Of those living in England and Wales who responded, a total of 1,781 said they were Scientologists.[20] The 2021 census in England and Wales recorded 1,800 Scientologists.[21]
Australia
In 2006, Australia's national census recorded 2,507 Scientologists nationwide, up from 1,488 in 1996, and 2,032 in 2001.[20][22] The 2011 census however found a decrease of 13.7 percent from the 2006 census.[23] The Australian census reported 1,488 Scientologists in 1996 and 2,032 in 2001,[24]: 120–121 [25]: 346  before dropping to under 1,700 in 2016.[26][27][28]
Canada
Statistics Canada, the national census agency, reported numbers of Scientologists as: 1,215–1,220 in 1991,[29][24]: 120  1,525 in 2001,[20]: 13 [24]: 120  1,745 in 2011,[30] and 1,380 in 2021.[31][32]
Switzerland
In 2011, SonntagsZeitung reported that support for Scientology in Switzerland had experienced a steady decline from 3,000 registered members in 1990 to 1,000 members and the organization was said to be facing extinction in the country. A Church of Scientology spokesperson rejected the figures claiming that the organization had 5,000 "passive and active members in Switzerland".[33]
New Zealand
In the 2006 New Zealand census, 357 people identified themselves as Scientologists, although a spokesperson for the organization said there were between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in the country.[34] Earlier census figures were 207 in the 1991 census, 219 in 1996, and 282 in 2001.[20][24]: 120 
Finland
In 2011, the "Scientology Association of Finland" had approximately 120 members.[35]

Across all countries with available data, the number of self-identified Scientologists is small and in many cases declining.

Independent estimates

[edit]

One 2014 estimate indicates there were about 30,000 Scientologists.[36][37]: 666  An estimate given by former high-level Church of Scientology employee Jefferson Hawkins in 2011 was of 40,000.[16]

Andersen and Wellendorf estimated that there were between 2000 and 4000 Scientologists in Denmark in 2009,[38]: 149  with contemporary estimates suggesting between 500 and 1000 active Scientologists in Sweden.[39]: 343  Observers have suggested between 2000 and 4000 in France.[40]: 326 

Church membership claims

[edit]

The organization has said that it has eight to fifteen million members worldwide,[41][42][43] but this figure is known to be an aggrandizing fabrication.[44]: 24 [45] Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the organization's estimates of its membership numbers are exaggerated: "You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church again." Melton has stated that if the claimed figure of 4 million American Scientologists were correct, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey".[43]

By the start of the 21st century, the organization was claiming it had 8 million members.[46]: 447  Several commentators observe that this number is cumulative rather than collective: that is, it represents the total number of people who had any interaction with the Scientology organization since its founding, some of whom only had one or two auditing sessions.[46]: 447 [47]: 292  The organization also maintained that it was the world's fastest growing religion,[48]: 92 [24]: 120  a title also claimed by several other groups including Mormons, modern Pagans, and Baháʼí.[24]: 117–118 

Demographics

[edit]

Scientologists are found mostly in the US, Europe, South Africa and Australia.[49] Within the US, higher rates of Scientology have been observed in the western states, especially those bordering the Pacific Ocean, than further east.[50]: 46 

Internationally, the Scientology organization's members are largely middle-class.[38]: 159 [51]: 47  In Australia, Scientologists have been observed as being wealthier and more likely to work in managerial and professional roles than the average citizen.[25]: 348 

Scientology is oriented toward individualistic and liberal economic values;[52]: 255  the scholar of religion Susan J. Palmer observed that Scientologists display "a capitalist ideology that promotes individualistic values".[53]: 315  Interviewing members of the Church of Scientology in the United States, Westbrook found that most regarded themselves as apolitical, Republicans, or libertarians; fewer than 10 percent supported the Democratic Party.[51]: 54  A survey of Danish Scientologists likewise revealed that nearly all voted for liberal or conservative parties on the right of Denmark's political spectrum and took a negative view of socialism.[38]: 157  Placing great emphasis on the freedom of the individual, those surveyed believed that the state and its regulations held people down, and felt that the Danish welfare system was excessive.[38]: 157–159 

Recruitment

[edit]
Scientology stress tests being offered on public sidewalk

Most people who join the organization are introduced to it via friends and family.[51]: 49  It also offers free "personality tests" or "stress tests", typically involving an E-Meter, to attract potential recruits.[24]: 134 [37]: 671  It hopes that if non-Scientologists purchase one service from the organization and feel a benefit from it – a "win" in Scientology terminology – they are more likely to purchase additional services from it.[54]: 190  Other recruitment methods include lectures and classes introducing non-Scientologists to the subject.[24]: 134 

The Church of Scientology's own statistics, published in 1998, reveal that 52.6% of those who joined did so through their family and friendship networks with existing members.[24]: 138 [40]: 330 [51]: 49  18% were drawn in through personality tests, 4.8% through publicity, and 3.1% through lectures.[40]: 330 [51]: 49  Westbrook's interviews with members determined that most people who joined the organization were initially attracted by "the practical benefits advertised".[51]: 47  Westbrook found that various members deepened their involvement after having what they considered to be a spiritual experience, such as exteriorization or a past life memory, in their first few weeks of involvement.[51]: 48–49 

Notable Scientologists

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Template:Category see also

The list below contains names of public Scientologists. For Scientologists who are, or were, on staff, see Template:Section link. This list includes members who were still Scientologists in the Church of Scientology at the time of their death.

Former Scientologists

[edit]

Template:Category see also This table represents individuals who were previously Scientologists, but who left the Church of Scientology.

Name Lifetime Left Notes
Larry Anderson 1952– 2009 Actor, star of Orientation: A Scientology Information Film, left the church in 2009 and requested his money back.[154]
Gerry Armstrong 1946– 1981 Former Sea Org member for ten years and involved in a series of Scientology related lawsuits, collectively Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong.[155]
Jon Atack 1955– 1983 Whistleblower and noted critic of the church.[156]
Allen Barton 1968– 2012 Playwright and acting teacher who would later become an outspoken critic of the church.[157]
Jason Beghe 1960– 2007 Actor, rose to Operating Thetan level V (OT V), left Scientology and subsequently spoke out publicly against the church in 2008.[158][159] He joined the church through Milton Katselas' acting class, connecting with Bodhi Elfman and Mary Thompson.[160][64]: 266-267 
Cedric Bixler-Zavala 1974– 2017 Musician.[161]
Nazanin Boniadi 1980– Actress,[162] her mother was a Scientologist.[163]
Kate Bornstein 1948– 1981 Transgender author, playwright, performance artist and gender theorist. Was previously a spokesperson for Scientology.[164]
Mitch Brisker 1949– 2020 Producer.[165]
John Brodie 1935–2026 American football player, credited Dianetics with his recovery from a sports injury; left after some of his friends "were expelled and harassed during a power struggle with church management".[55]
Stacy Brooks 1952– 1989 Former managing editor of Freedom magazine and a Scientologist for over twenty years. She has since become president of the Lisa McPherson Trust and an expert witness in many high-profile Scientology lawsuits.[166][167][168]
William S. Burroughs 1914–1997 1960s Author and poet. Joined and left the church during the 1960s.[169] In talking about the experience, he claimed that the techniques and philosophy of Scientology helped him and that he felt that further study into Scientology would produce great results. He was skeptical of the church itself, and felt that it fostered an environment that did not accept critical discussion.[170] His subsequent critical writings about the church and his review of Inside Scientology by Robert Kaufman led to a battle of letters between Burroughs and Scientology supporters in the pages of Rolling Stone magazine. He wrote the book Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology.[171][172]
Diana Canova 1953– 1993 Actress;[173] critical of Scientology's "straightforward" desire for money.[174][175]
Tory Christman 1947– 2000 Whistleblower and noted critic of the church.[156]
Robert DeGrimston 1935– With wife, Marry Anne DeGrimston, founder of The Process Church of The Final Judgment.[176][177]
Richard de Mille 1922–2009 1954 Author and journalist; at one point a personal assistant to L. Ron Hubbard.[64]: 37 [178]
John Duignan 1963– Whistleblower and noted critic of the church.[179]
Dennis Erlich 19xx– 1982 Former high-ranking official in the church and later critic of Scientology who joined the alt.religion.scientology discussion group on Usenet in late July 1994.[180][181]: 153 
Michael Fairman 1934– 2011 Actor[182]
Neil Gaiman 1960– Novelist, graphic novelist, and screenwriter. Son of David Gaiman, raised Scientologist in East Grinstead. Has left the church, although prefers not to speak publicly about it.[183]
Philip Gale 1978–1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology student and primary developer of EarthLink's innovative Internet service provider software; died by suicide in 1998.[184]
Paul Haggis 1953– 2009 Film director, Academy Award winner; Left in response to the San Diego branch's public support of California Proposition 8 and other factors.[185] He progressed up to OT VII in the 1980s where he remained until he left the church.[160]
Beck Hansen 1970– 2019 Musician who promoted Scientology as a member for many years.[49][63][67][142] Stated in a 2019 interview that he is not a Scientologist and that he doesn't "have any connection or affiliation with it".[186]
Marc Headley 1974– 2005 Whistleblower and critic of the church.[156]
Katie Holmes 1978– 2012 Actress and formerly married to Scientologist Tom Cruise.[187]
Jim Humble 1933– 1981 Self-published author and founder of the Genesis II Church[188][189]
Robert Hunter 1941–2019 1999 Lyricist for the Grateful Dead.[73]: 62 
Mark Janicello 1962 2003 Actor, Singer and Dramatist. Author of Naked in the Spotlight: My Life with Sex, Singing, and Scientology in German and in English[190]
Nicole Kidman 1967– 1992 Actress; Tom Cruise's ex-wife[191]
Jason Lee 1970– 2016 Actor.[192][193][194]
Arnie Lerma 1950–2018 1977 Son of a high-ranking member. Critic of Scientology who posted the Fishman Affidavit, including the Xenu story, to the Internet via the Usenet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology.[180][181]: 153 
Johnny Lewis 1983–2012 Actor[195]
Juliette Lewis 1973– 2021 Actress[196][197]
Charles Manson 1934–2017 Identified as a Scientologist during his time in prison.[176][198][199][200] He ordered Manson Family member Bruce Davis to journey to the United Kingdom and work for the Scientology organization in London.[201] Manson completed 150 hours of auditing while researching his own religious practices,[202][203] which borrowed heavily from Scientology.[176]
Jenna Miscavige Hill 1984– 2005 Niece of David Miscavige, author and whistleblower.[204]
Ron Miscavige 1936–2021 2012 Father of David Miscavige, author and whistleblower.[205]
Vince Offer 1964– 2002 Film director of The Underground Comedy Movie and pitchman for ShamWow.[206]
Bijou Phillips 1980– 2024 Model and actress[207][208]
Laura Prepon 1980– 2016 Actress[209]
Lisa Marie Presley 1968–2023 2014 Singer and songwriter who was the daughter of Elvis Presley.[210]
Priscilla Presley 1945– 2017 Businesswoman and actress[211]
Mark Rathbun 1957– 2004 Whistleblower, and critic of the Church.[156] In December 2018, Jezebel reported that Rathbun had posted videos on his website that praised Scientology and criticized ex-Scientologist Leah Remini. Jezebel also suggested that Rathbun had actually re-joined Scientology.[212]
Joe Reaiche 1958–2024 2005 Former rugby league footballer who was the father of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson. He accused the church of framing him for financial misconduct and was estranged from his children at the time of his death.[106]
Leah Remini 1970– 2013 Actress[89][213][214] and critic of the church. She wrote an autobiography in 2015 entitled Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology, and produces and presents the A&E documentary series Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath.
Mike Rinder 1955–2025 2007 Whistleblower and critic of the church.[215]
Mimi Rogers 1956– Actress[216]
Amy Scobee 19xx– 2005 Whistleblower and critic of the church.[217]
Chris Shelton 1969– 2012 Author and YouTuber; he was a member of the church for 27 years and has been outspoken about his experiences since leaving.[218][219][220]
Aaron Saxton 1974– 2006 Former Sea Org member who had influential positions in Sydney as well as the United States. He received attention when Australian Senator Nick Xenophon quoted statements by Saxton about Scientology into the parliamentary record of the Australian Senate.[221][222][223]
Reed Slatkin 1949–2015 Sentenced in 2003 to 14 years in prison for running one of the largest Ponzi schemes in US history, scamming more than $600 million from 800 investors.[224][225]
Jeffrey Tambor 1944– 2000s Actor, left when he was pressured to leave his second wife.[226][227]
Paul Twitchell 1908–1971 1959 Spiritual writer and founder of Eckankar.[228][229] Joined Scientology and achieved the status of "Clear".[230]
Joy Villa 1986 2025 Singer-songwriter, actress.[231]
Cyril Vosper 1935–2004 1968 Author and deprogrammer; wrote The Mind Benders which was the first book on Scientology to be written by an ex-member and the first critical book on Scientology to be published.[232]
Matt Willis 1983– 2008 Musician, singer, songwriter, television presenter and actor, and bassist and co-vocalist of the pop band, Busted. Was recruited to the church following a stint in rehab, but left the church after they reportedly advised that he separate from his wife Emma Willis, who the church deemed to be a "suppressive person".[233]
Lawrence Wollersheim 19xx– 1979 Former member and co-founder of the FACTNet, a non-profit organization that criticized the church, known for winning a multi-million dollar judgment against the church in a case about publishing material on the internet that the church claimed was protected by copyright.[234][181]: 153 [8]
Bonnie Woods 19xx– 1982 Former member of the Sea Org who was subjected to a smear campaign by the church.[235]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Copyright and Trademark Notice". scientology.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
  2. ↑ Straus, Roger (Spring 1986). "Scientology "Ethics": Deviance, Identity and Social Control in a Cult-Like Social World". Symbolic Interaction. 9 (1). Wiley: 67–82. doi:10.1525/si.1986.9.1.67.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wallis, Roy (1977). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231042000. OL 4596322M.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Auditing as a Career". American Saint Hill Organization, Church of Scientology. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006.
  6. ↑ L. Ron Hubbard Library (2007). Introduction to Scientology Ethics. Bridge Publications. ISBN 9781403144904. OL 16702654M.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wright, Lawrence (2013). Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307700667. OL 25424776M.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ortega, Tony (June 30, 2008). "Scientology's Crushing Defeat". The Village Voice. Village Voice Media. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008. Scientology president Heber Jentszch admitted several years ago that the six million number does not represent current membership but the total amount of people who have ever, since the founding in 1954, taken even a single Scientology course.
  9. ↑ Bernstein, Fred (November 9, 2010). "In Pasadena, a Model for Scientology's Growth Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  10. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (March 6, 2010). "Defectors Say Church of Scientology Hides Abuse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  11. ↑ Urban, Hugh B. (2017). "The Third Wall of Fire". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (4): 13–36. doi:10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.13.
  12. ↑ Wright, Lawrence (February 2011). "The Apostate". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  14. ↑ Oppenheimer, Mark (October 18, 2011). "In the Clear: On Scientology". The Nation. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2021 – via www.thenation.com.
  15. ↑ "Self-Described Religious Identification Among American Adults". InfoPlease. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Scientologists: How Many Of Them Are There, Anyway?". The Village Voice. July 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  17. ↑ Lewis, James R. (2012). "Scientology: Up Stat, Down Stat". In Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-521-19650-5. OL 25323554M.
  18. ↑ Verfassungsschutzbericht 2005 Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, p. 292
  19. ↑ "Verfassungsschutzbericht 2022" [Constitutional Protection Report 2022]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (in Deutsch). p. 327. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lewis, James R. (September 2004). "New Religion Adherents: An Overview of Anglophone Census and Survey Data" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 9 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
  21. ↑ Census 2021 Dataset: Regions, England and Wales (Report). Fareham: Office for National Statistics. November 29, 2022. TS031.
  22. ↑ "Religion's rise in the stars". Herald Sun. July 9, 2007. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007.
  23. ↑ "Census shows scientology numbers going backwards". ABC News. June 29, 2012. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 Lewis, James R. (2009). "The Growth of Scientology and the Stark Model of Religious 'Success'". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–140. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Possamai, Adam; Possamai-Inesedy, Alphia (2009). "Scientology Down Under". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 345–361. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  26. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (July 4, 2022). "Census of Population and Housing: Census article – Religious affiliation in Australia, 2021". Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  27. ↑ Census 2016, Religious Affiliation by Sex (SA2+) (Report). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017.
  28. ↑ Schneiders, Ben (April 4, 2021). "Push for investigation into Scientology's charity status". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  29. ↑ Boyle, Kevin]]; Sheen, Juliet (1997). Freedom of Religion and Belief. London/New York: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-415-15978-4.
  30. ↑ 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables: Religion (Report). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 2012.
  31. ↑ 2021 Census: Religion by visible minority and generation status (Report). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 2021.
  32. ↑ "More Canadians than ever have no religious affiliation, census shows". Okotoks Online. Canadian Press. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2025.
  33. ↑ "Scientology losing Swiss support: experts – The Local". Thelocal.ch. July 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  34. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (September 19, 2008). "2008 Report on International Religious Freedom – New Zealand". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Suomen Scientologia-yhdistys ry" [Finnish Science Association]. Uskonnot Suomessa (in suomi). Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  36. ↑ Ortega, Tony (August 31, 2014). "Oops, Scientology Reveals a Key Fact About the Size of its Membership". The Underground Bunker.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Bigliardi, Stefano (2016). "New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-Meter in Scientology Teachings". Zygon. 51 (3): 661–683. doi:10.1111/zygo.12281.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Andersen, Peter B.; Wellendorf, Rie (2009). "Community in Scientology and among Scientologists". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 143–163. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  39. ↑ Bogdan, Henrik (2009). "The Church of Scientology in Sweden". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 335–344. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Rigal-Cellard, Bernadette (2009). "Scientology Missions International (SMI): An Immutable Model of Technological Missionary Activity". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 325–334. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  41. ↑ Spokesperson Beth Akiyama in: Scientology comes to town Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 24, 2005
  42. ↑ L. Ron Hubbard (1970). Final Blackout. Leisure Books. ISBN 978-0-8439-0003-3. HE IS ALSO renowned as the founder of Scientology and the creator of "Dianetics," with an estimated 15 million adherents around the world.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Jarvik, Elaine (September 18, 2004). "Scientology: Church now claims more than 8 million members". Deseret News. Archived from the original on January 1, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007. Melton, who has been criticized by some for being too easy on Scientology, and has been criticized by the church for being too harsh, says that the church's estimates of its membership numbers – 4 million in the United States, 8 to 9 million worldwide – are exaggerated. "You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church again." If the church indeed had four million members in the United States, he says, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey" such as the Harris poll.
  44. ↑ Bromley, David; Cowan, Douglas (2007). Cults and new religions: a brief history. Wiley. p. 24. ISBN 9781405161282. OL 17171942M. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
  45. ↑ Flinn, Frank K. (July 5, 2005). "Scientology". Live discussion. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. OL 3999281M.
  47. ↑ Richardson, James T. (2009). "Scientology in Court: A Look at Some Major Cases from Various Nations". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–294. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  48. ↑ Bromley, David G. (2009). "Making Sense of Scientology: Prophetic, Contractual Religion". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–102. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3. OL 16943235M.
  49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 Reitman, Janet (February 8, 2011) [February 23, 2006]. "Inside Scientology". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018.
  50. ↑ Bainbridge, William Sims (2009). "The Cultural Context of Scientology". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–51. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 Westbrook, Donald A. (2019). Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis. Oxford Studies in Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190664978.
  52. ↑ Willms, Gerald (2009). "Scientology: 'Modern Religion' or 'Religion of Modernity'?". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 245–265. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  53. ↑ Palmer, Susan J. (2009). "The Church of Scientology in France: Legal and Activist Counterattacks in the "War on Sectes"". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 295–322. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
  54. ↑ Harley, Gail M.; Kieffer, John (2009). "The Development and Reality of Auditing". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–205. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
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  230. ↑ https://libertyaffair.com/2025/05/14/exclusive-why-i-left-scientology-and-how-jesus-set-me-free/ EXCLUSIVE: Why I Left Scientology—And How Jesus Set Me Free libertyaffair.com
  231. ↑ Vosper, Cyril. The Mind Benders. Neville Spearman, 1971
  232. ↑ Soguksu, Ayla (April 14, 2021). "Matt Willis claims Church of Scientology tried to break up his marriage to Emma after joining post-rehab". OK!. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  233. ↑ Leiby, Richard (May 10, 2002). "Ex-Scientologist Collects $8.7 Million In 22-Year-Old Case". Washington Post.
  234. ↑ Driscoll, Margarette; Steven Haynes (January 1, 1997). "Hounded by the church of stars and hype". Sunday Times. Times Newspapers. p. 10.

Further reading

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