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{{Short description|Former American nonprofit foundation}}
[[Image:LindisfarneChapel.jpg|thumb|265px|The Lindisfarne chapel in [[Crestone, Colorado]]]]
{{Utopia}}
The '''Lindisfarne Association''' (1972–2012) was a nonprofit foundation and diverse group of intellectuals organized by [[cultural history|cultural historian]] [[William Irwin Thompson]] for the "study and realization of a new planetary culture".

It was inspired by the philosophy of [[Alfred North Whitehead]]'s idea of an integral [[philosophy of organism]], and by [[Teilhard de Chardin]]'s idea of [[Omega Point#Evolution|planetization]].<ref>{{harvp|Lehmann-Haupt|1981}}: "In the meantime, Mr. Thompson has become the founding director of the well-known Lindisfarne Association, which his biographical blurb describes as 'a contemplative education community devoted to the study and realization of a new planetary culture'."</ref>

==History==
Thompson conceived the idea for the Lindisfarne association while touring spiritual sites and experimental communities around the world. The Lindisfarne Association is named for Lindisfarne Priory—a monastery, known for the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]], founded on the British island of [[Lindisfarne]] in the 7th century.

Advertising executive Gene Fairly had just left his position at [[Interpublic Group of Companies]] and begun studying [[Zen Buddhism]] when he read a review of Thompson's ''At the Edge of History'' in the ''New York Times''. Fairly visited Thompson at [[York University]] in Toronto to discuss forming a group for the promotion of planetary culture. Upon returning to New York he raised $150,000 from such donors as [[Nancy Wilson Ross]] and Sydney and Jean Lanier. Support from these donors served as an entrée to the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]].<ref>{{harvp|Helgesen|1977|p=84}}: "Fairly went back to New York to use his connections to raise money for the project. He says he stirred the interest of Nancy Wilson Ross at the Asia Society; Mrs. Stanley Young, a wealthy woman interested in Zen Buddhism; and Jean and Sidney Lanier, hiers of the poet and funders of the now-defunct Finca La Folenca. a mini-Esalen in Southern France where the Laniers had established themselves as unofficial gurus. Mrs. Lanier is known in fund-seeking circles as a key to the Rockefeller Brothers fund, so that door was opened, and between these groups Fairly says he put together $150,000 to set things going." See poet [[Sidney Lanier]] (1842–1881); and the [[Asia Society]], founded 1956 by [[John D. Rockefeller III]].</ref>

=== Incorporation and first years in New York ===

Lindisfarne was incorporated as a non-profit educational foundation in December 1972. It began operations at a refitted summer camp in [[Southampton, New York]] on August 31, 1973.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|p=23}}

From 1974–1977 Lindisfarne held an annual conference "to explore the new planetary culture" with the following themes:{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=23–24}}
* Planetary Culture and the New Image of Humanity, 1974
* Conscious Evolution and the Evolution of Consciousness, 1975
* A Light Governance for America: the Cultures and Strategies of Decentralization, 1976
* Mind in Nature, 1977

''Earth's answer : explorations of planetary culture at the Lindisfarne conferences'' (1977) reprints some of the lectures given at the 1974 and 1975 conferences.

The Lindisfarne Association was first based in Southampton, New York in 1973 and then in Manhattan at the [[Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings]] which was leased to Lindisfarne from 1976–1979.

=== Move to Crestone and formation of other branches ===
As Lindisfarne began to run low on funding, it faced the loss of its lease on the Church of the Holy Communion. At a conference at the [[New Alchemy Institute]] in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, [[Petro-Canada]] CEO and [[United Nations]] official [[Maurice Strong]] offered to donate land from [[Luis Maria Baca Grant No. 4|his ranch]] in [[Crestone, Colorado]]. Thompson chose 77 acres of land near Spanish Creek—self-reportedly because his "Irish Druid Radar" had gone off while driving past—where Lindisfarne began to construct new buildings for its purposes.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=24–25, 43–44}}

[[File:Fullsizeoutput 56b.jpg|thumb|265px|The Lindisfarne Fellows House in Crestone, Colorado]]

Today the Lindisfarne Fellows House, the Lindisfarne Chapel, and the Lindisfarne Mountain Retreat are under the ownership and management of the [[Crestone Mountain Zen Center]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Lindisfarne Tapes|url=http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/content/lindisfarne-tapes|publisher=Schumacher Center for a New Economics|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> Lindisfarne has functioned variously as a sponsor of classes, conferences, and concerts and public lectures events, and as a [[think tank]] and retreat, similar to the [[Esalen Institute]] in [[California]]. Lindisfarne functioned as a not-for-profit foundation until 2009; the Lindisfarne Fellowship continued to hold annual meetings until 2012. It is no longer an active organization.

In addition to its facility in Crestone (the "Lindisfarne Mountain Retreat"), three other branches of the organization were formed:<ref name=Redenius254>{{harvp|Redenius|1985|p=254}}.</ref>
* a headquarters in New York City at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]];
* the Lindisfarne Press was established in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]]; and
* the Lindisfarne Fellows House was opened at the [[San Francisco Zen Center]].

==Goals and doctrine==
The Lindisfarne doctrine is closely related to that of its founder, William Thompson. Mentioned as part of the Lindisfarne ideology are a long list of spiritual and [[Western esotericism|esoteric]] traditions including [[yoga]], [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Chinese traditional medicine]], [[Hermeticism]], [[Celtic animism]], [[Gnosticism]], [[Kabbalah|cabala]], [[geomancy]], [[ley lines]], [[Pythagoreanism]], and ancient [[mystery religion]]s.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=14–18, 34–35}}

The group placed a special emphasis on [[sacred geometry]], defined by Thompson as "a vision of divine intelligence, the logos, revealing itself in all forms, from the logarithmic spiral of a seashell to the hexagonal patterns of cooling basalt, from the architecture of the molecule to the galaxy."<ref>{{harvp|Thompson|1978|p=138}}, quoted in {{harvp|Collins|1982|pp=21–22}}.</ref> Rachel Fletcher, [[Robert Lawlor]], and [[Keith Critchlow]] lectured at Crestone on the application of sacred geometry, Platonism, and Pythagoreanism to architecture.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=52–53}} The exemplar of these ideas is the Grail Chapel in Crestone (also known as Lindisfarne Chapel), which is built to reflect numerous basic geometrical relationships.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=55–106}}

Lindisfarne's social agenda was exemplified by the "meta-industrial village", a small community focused on subsistence and crafts while yet connected to a world culture. All members of a community might participate in essential tasks such as the harvest. (Thompson has speculated that in the United States, 40% of the population could work at agriculture, and another 40% in social services.) The villages would have a sense of shared purpose in transforming world culture. They would combine "the four classical economies of human history, hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and cybernetics", all "recapitulated within a single deme."{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=127–131}}

The "Meadowcreek Project" in Arkansas, begun in 1979 by David and Wilson Orr, was an effort to actualize a meta-industrial village as envisioned by the Lindisfarne Association. This project received funding from the [[Ozarks Regional Commission]], the Arkansas Energy Department, and the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation.{{sfnp|Collins|1982|pp=134–136}}<ref>"[http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/sustainability-model-zmaz82mazglo The Meadowcreek Project: A Model of Sustainability in the Ozarks]", ''Mother Earth News'', March/April 1982.</ref>

The villages would be linked together by an electronic information network (i.e., what today we call the [[internet]]). Thompson called for a counter-cultural vanguard "which can formulate an integral vision of culture and maintain the high standards of that culture without compromise to the forces of electronic vulgarization."<ref>{{harvp|Thompson|1978|pp=71–72}}, quoted in {{harvp|Collins|1982|pp=113, 118–122}}.</ref>

According to the Lindisfarne Association website, Lindisfarne's fourfold goals are:
# The Planetization of the Esoteric
# The realization of the inner harmony of all the great universal religions and the spiritual traditions of the tribal peoples of the world.
# The fostering of a new and healthier balance between nature and culture through the research and development of appropriate technologies, architectural settlements and compassionate economies for meta-industrial villages and convivial cities.
# The illumination of the spiritual foundations of political governance through scholarship and artistic communications that foster a global ecology of consciousness beyond the present ideological systems of warring industrial nation-states, outraged traditional societies, and ravaged lands and seas.

Thompson has also stated the United States has a unique role to play in the promotion of planetary culture because people from all over the world mingle there. Lindisfarne sought to spread its message widely, through a mailing list and through book publications of the Lindisfarne press.{{sfnp|Redenius|1985|p=255–256}}

Journalist [[Sally Helgesen]], after a visit in 1977, criticized Lindisfarne as confused pseudo-intellectuals, citing for example their attempt to build an expensive fish "bioshelter" while overlooking a marsh with fish in it.{{sfnp|Helgesen|1977|p=82}}

==Members==
Members of the Lindisfarne Fellowship have included, among others:{{cn|date=June 2024}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*mathematician [[Ralph Abraham (mathematician)|Ralph Abraham]]
*ecological philosopher [[David Abram]]
*economist [[W. Brian Arthur]]
*Zen Buddhist [[Zentatsu Richard Baker]]<ref name=Collins161 />
*anthropologist [[Gregory Bateson]]<ref name=Collins28>{{harvp|Collins|1982|p=28}}.</ref>
*anthropologist [[Mary Catherine Bateson]]<ref name=Redenius254 />
*poet [[Wendell Berry]]{{sfnp|Collins|1982|p=118}}
*composer [[Evan Chambers]]
*geometer and art historian [[Keith Critchlow]]
*international law specialist [[Richard Falk]]<ref name=Redenius254 />
*physicist [[David Finkelstein|David Ritz Finkelstein]]
*Zen Buddhist [[Joan Halifax]]-Roshi
*economist [[Hazel Henderson]]
*poet [[Jane Hirshfield]]
{{Col-3}}
*Sufi Pir [[Zia Inayat-Khan]]
*ecologist [[Wes Jackson]]
*biologist [[Stuart Kauffman]]
*scientist [[James Lovelock]]
*physicist and "[[soft energy path|soft energy]]" advocate [[Amory Lovins]]<ref name=Redenius254 />
*biologist [[Lynn Margulis]]
*dean [[James Parks Morton]]
*philosopher/author [[John Michell (writer)|John Michell]]
*author [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]]
*dancer/anthropologist [[Natasha Myers]]
*religious scholar [[Elaine Pagels]]
*poet [[Kathleen Raine]]<ref name=Redenius254 />
*writer [[Dorion Sagan]]
{{Col-3}}
*economist [[E. F. Schumacher]]{{sfnp|Collins|1982|p=117}}
*astronaut [[Rusty Schweickart]]<ref name=Redenius254 /><ref name=Collins161 />
*poet [[Gary Snyder]]
*architect [[Paolo Soleri]]<ref name=Collins161 />
*spiritual teacher [[David Spangler]]
*monk [[David Steindl-Rast]]<ref name=Collins161>{{harvp|Collins|1982|p=161}}.</ref>
*United Nations undersecretary [[Maurice Strong]]<ref name=Redenius254 />
*philosopher [[Evan Thompson]]
*biologist [[John Todd (Canadian biologist)|John Todd]]
*architect [[Sim Van der Ryn]]
*philosopher/biologist [[Francisco Varela]]<ref name=Collins28 />
*composer [[Paul Winter]]
*physicist/contemplative [[Arthur Zajonc]]
{{Col-end}}

==Current status==
The Lindisfarne Association disbanded as a not-for-profit institution in 2009. The Lindisfarne Fellows continued to meet once a year up to 2012 at varying locations as an informal group interested in one another's creative projects.

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Collins |first=Jeffrey Hale |title=Lindisfarne: Toward the Realization of Planetary Culture |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Texas at Arlington |date=December 1982}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Helgesen |first=Sally |url=https://www.ronunz.org/Pub/Harpers-1977mar-00080?View=Overview |title=Visions of Futures Past |magazine=Harper's |date=March 1977 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite news |first=Christopher |last=Lehmann-Haupt |date=January 22, 1981 |title=Books Of The Times: [Review of ''The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light''] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/22/books/books-of-the-times-books-of-the-times.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{cite journal |last=Redenius |first=Charles |jstor=27797038 |title=The Lindisfarne Association: An Exemplary Community of the New Planetary Culture |journal=Journal of General Education |volume=37 |number=3 |date=1985|pages=245–258 }}
* {{cite book |first=William Irwin |last=Thompson |title=Darkness and Scattered Light |place=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=1978}}{{ISBN?}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*Lindisfarne Cafe Memoir in [[Wild River Review]], wildriverreview.com:
**Pilgrimage to Lindisfarne 1972
**LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream - PART ONE: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
**LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream/The Shadow Side PART TWO: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
**LINDISFARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Building a Dream/The Cathedral PART THREE: Lindisfarne in Crestone, Colorado, 1979-1997
**LINDISARNE CAFE - MEMOIR - Conclusion: The Economic Relevance of Lindisfarne

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20130416085323/http://williamirwinthompson.org/lindisfarne.html Lindisfarne Association website] at WilliamIrwinThompson.org. [https://archive.today/20060113123716/http://www.pacweb.com/lindisfarne/ Archived.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726220048/http://www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/08/scenes_from_a_symposium.html 2007 Symposium Notes from the Wild River Review]
* Lindisfarne Tapes (lecture recordings): [http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/content/lindisfarne-tapes index] at Schumaker Center for a New Economics; [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Lindisfarne search results] from the Internet Archive
* Julia Rubin,[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-20-mn-1144-story.html "Colorado Site Called 'a Place of Power': Spiritualists, Environmentalists Find Haven in the Baca."] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 20 August 1989.

[[Category:New Age communities]]
[[Category:New Age organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Sacred geometry]]
[[Category:Small press publishing companies]]
[[Category:Spiritual organizations]]
[[Category:Utopian communities]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1970s]]

Lindisfarne Association - Revision history

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