Editing Sri Aurobindo

{{Short description|Indian yogi (1872–1950)}}
{{for|the pharmaceutical company|Aurobindo Pharma}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Sri Aurobindo
| image         = Sri aurobindo.jpg
| caption       = Aurobindo, {{circa|1900}}
| birth_name    = Aurobindo Ghose
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1872|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1950|12|5|1872|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Pondicherry]], [[French India]]
| alma_mater    = [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation    = {{hlist|Yogi|Philosopher|Poet|Nationalist}}
| known_for     = {{Unbulleted list
  | [[Integral yoga]]
  | [[Supermind (Integral thought)|Supermind]]
  | Founder of [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]
  | Spiritual Collaborator: [[Mirra Alfassa]] (The Mother)
  | Inspiration for [[Auroville]]
  }}
| works         = ''The Life Divine'', ''The Synthesis of Yoga'', ''[[Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol|Savitri]]''
| relatives     = [[Rajnarayan Basu]] (maternal-grandfather)<br />[[Manmohan Ghose]] (brother)<br />[[Barindra Kumar Ghose]] (brother)<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjukta|last=Dasgupta|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/a-horrendous-tale-1502535075.html/amp|title=A horrendous tale|website=www.thestatesman.com|publisher=The Statesman|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118074941/https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/a-horrendous-tale-1502535075.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
| signature     = Sri-Aurobindo-Signature-Transparent.jpg.png
| module        = {{Infobox|child=yes
  | label1      = Notable disciples
  | data1       = [[Champaklal]], [[Nolini Kanta Gupta]], [[Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya]], [[K. D. Sethna]], [[Nirodbaran]], [[Pavitra (disciple)|Pavitra]], [[M. P. Pandit]], [[A.B. Purani]], [[Dilipkumar Roy]], [[Satprem]], [[Indra Sen]]
 }}
}}

'''Sri Aurobindo''' (born '''Aurobindo Ghose'''; 15 August 1872&nbsp;– 5 December 1950) was an Indian nationalist and yogi. A revolutionary in the movement for India's independence from British rule, he advocated for complete autonomy through his writings and political activity. Following his imprisonment and acquittal, he withdrew to Pondicherry to devote himself to spiritual practice, eventually formulating the path of Integral Yoga. His extensive literary output includes the treatises ''The Life Divine'' and ''The Synthesis of Yoga'' and the epic poem ''Savitri''.

Aurobindo studied for the [[Imperial Civil Service|Indian Civil Service]] at [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], in Cambridge, England from 1890 until his departure in 1892. After returning to India, he took up various civil service works under the Maharaja of the [[princely state]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]. He became increasingly involved in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress]] and the nascent revolutionary movement in [[Bengal]] with the [[Anushilan Samiti]]. He was arrested in the aftermath of a number of bombings linked to the revolutionary group he was associated with. He faced charges in a public trial for treason in [[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and others|Alipore Conspiracy]] and then released, after which he moved to [[Pondicherry]] and developed a spiritual practice he called [[Integral Yoga]]. He wrote ''The Life Divine'', which deals with the philosophical aspect of Integral Yoga<ref>{{cite book|title = The Life Divine|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wxhrPwAACAAJ|isbn = 9788170588443|access-date = 19 June 2021|last1 = Sri Aurobindo|first1 = Sri|date = May 2009|publisher = Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department|archive-date = 5 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053256/https://books.google.com/books?id=wxhrPwAACAAJ|url-status = live}}</ref> and ''Synthesis of Yoga'', which deals with the principles and methods of Integral Yoga.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Synthesis of Yoga|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ex6cSqqBSwC|isbn = 9780941524667|access-date = 19 June 2021|last1 = Sri Aurobindo|first1 = Sri|year = 1992|publisher = Lotus Press|archive-date = 5 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053231/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ex6cSqqBSwC|url-status = live}}</ref> In 1926, he and [[Mirra Alfassa]] founded [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]].

Sri Aurobindo created a major literary corpus in English.<ref>Arvind Krishna Mehrotra
, ''A history of Indian literature in English'' 116 [http://books.google.com/books?id=OFvyBHXH-ssC&lpg=PP1&dq=History%20of%20Indian%20literature%20in%20English&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q=aurobindo&f=false]</ref> His work synthesizes the histories of Eastern and Western philosophy, religion, literature, and psychology into a complex vision of the transition of humanity to divinity. His principal philosophical writings are ''The Life Divine'' and ''The Synthesis of Yoga'', while his principal poetic work is ''[[Savitri: a Legend and a Symbol]]''. He wrote translations and commentaries of the [[Veda]]s, [[Upanishad]]s, and the [[Gita]] among others; plays; literary, social, political, and historical criticism; devotional works, as well as an extensive collection of correspondence. Several volumes of his conversations have also been recorded.

== Biography ==

=== Early Life and Family Background ===
Aurobindo Ghose was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[Bengal Presidency]], [[India]] on 15 August 1872 in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family that was associated with the town of [[Konnagar]] in the [[Hooghly district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]].<ref name = "Bandyopadhyay6">Bandyopadhyay, Amritalal, ''Rishi Aurobindo'', 1964, Biswas Publishing House, p. 6.</ref> His father, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was an assistant surgeon in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] and later a civil surgeon in [[Khulna]]. A former member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], he became fascinated with the new [[theory of evolution]] while studying medicine in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Aall |first=Ingrid |year=1971 |editor1=Robert Paul Beech |editor2=Mary Jane Beech |book-title=Bengal: change and continuity, Issues 16–20 |publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University |location=East Lansing |page=32 |oclc=258335 |quote=Aurobindo's father, Dr. Krishnadhan Ghose, came from a Kayastha family associated with the village of Konnagar in Hooghly District near Calcutta, Dr. Ghose had his medical training in Edinburgh...}}</ref>{{efn|Aurobindo described his father as a "tremendous atheist" but Thakur calls him an agnostic and Heehs believes that he followed his own coda.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=3–7, 10|ps=}}{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|p=3|ps=}}}} His mother Swarnalata Devi's father, [[Rajnarayan Bose]], was a leading figure in the Brahmo Samaj. Swarnalata Devi was sent to Calcutta for Aurobindo's birth for its healthier environment. Aurobindo had two elder siblings, Benoybhusan and [[Manmohan Ghose|Manmohan]], a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother, [[Barindra Kumar Ghose|Barindra Kumar]] (also referred to as Barin).{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=3–7, 10|ps=}}{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|p=3|ps=}}

Aurobindo spoke English but used [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] to communicate with servants. Although his family was [[Bengali people|Bengali]], his father believed [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]] to be superior. He and his two elder siblings were sent to the English-speaking [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto House]] boarding school in [[Darjeeling]], in part to improve their language skills and in part to distance them from their mother, who had developed a [[mental illness]] soon after the birth of her first child. Darjeeling was a centre of [[Anglo-Indians]] in India, and the school was run by Irish [[nun]]s, through which the boys would have been exposed to [[Christianity|Christian]] religious teachings and [[Christian symbolism|symbolism]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=8–9|ps=}}

=== Education in England (1879–1893) ===
[[File:Aurobindo.family.jpg|125px|thumb|upright|left|Aurobindo (seated centre next to his mother) and his family. In England, ca. 1879{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=10|ps=}}]]
Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his sons to enter the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS), an elite organisation comprising around 1000 people. To achieve this, they needed to study in England, and so it was there that the entire family moved in 1879.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=9–10|ps=}}{{efn|Krishna Dhun Ghose returned to India soon after, leaving his wife in the care of a physician in London. Barindra was born in England in January 1880.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=10|ps=}}}} The three brothers were placed in the care of the Reverend W. H. Drewett in [[Manchester]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=9–10|ps=}} Drewett was a minister of the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]] whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British friends at Rangpur.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=10, 13|ps=}}{{efn|While in Manchester, the Ghose brothers lived first at 84 Shakespeare Street and then, by the time of the 1881 census, at 29 York Place, [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]]. Aurobindo was recorded in the census as Aravinda Ghose, as he was also by the University of Cambridge.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=14|ps=}}{{sfn|1881 Census|ps=}}{{sfn|ACAD|GHS890AA}}}}

The boys were taught [[Latin (language)|Latin]] by Drewett and his wife. This was a prerequisite for admission to good English schools, and after two years, in 1881, the elder two siblings were enrolled at [[Manchester Grammar School]]. Aurobindo was considered too young for enrollment, and he continued his studies with the Drewetts, learning history, Latin, [[French language|French]], geography, and arithmetic. Although the Drewetts were told not to teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed to Christian teachings and events, which generally bored Aurobindo and sometimes repulsed him. There was little contact with his father, who wrote only a few letters to his sons while they were in England, but what communication there was indicated that he was becoming less endeared to the British in India than he had been, on one occasion describing the British colonial government as "heartless".{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=14|ps=}}

[[File:Basement of 49 St Stephen's Avenue with Sri Aurobindo Blue Plaque.JPG|thumb|250px|upright| Basement of 49 St Stephen's Avenue, London W12 with Sri Aurobindo [[Blue Plaque]]]]
Drewett emigrated to Australia in 1884, causing the boys to be uprooted as they went to live with Drewett's mother in London. In September of that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]] there.{{efn|Benoybhusan's education ended in Manchester.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=19|ps=}}}} He learned Greek and spent the last three years reading literature and English poetry, while he also acquired some familiarity with the German and Italian languages; [[Peter Heehs]] summarised his [[polyglot|linguistic abilities]] by stating that at "the turn of the century he knew at least twelve languages: English, French, and Bengali to speak, read, and write; Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit to read and write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Hindi to speak and read; and Italian, German, and Spanish to read."<ref>Peter Heehs, ''The Lives of Sri Aurobindo'', Columbia University Press (2008), p. 43</ref> Being exposed to the evangelical strictures of Drewett's mother developed in him a distaste for religion, and he considered himself at one point to be an [[Atheism|atheist]] but later determined that he was [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=14–18|ps=}} A [[blue plaque]] unveiled in 2007 commemorates Aurobindo's residence at 49 St Stephen's Avenue in [[Shepherd's Bush]], London, from 1884 to 1887.{{sfn|English Heritage|ps=}} The three brothers began living in spartan circumstances at the Liberal Club in [[South Kensington]] during 1887, their father having experienced some financial difficulties. The club's secretary was James Cotton, brother of their father's friend in the Bengal ICS, [[Henry John Stedman Cotton]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=18|ps=}}

By 1889, Manmohan had determined to pursue a literary career, and Benoybhusan had proved himself unequal to the standards necessary for ICS entrance. This meant that only Aurobindo might fulfill his father's aspirations, but to do so when his father lacked money required that he study hard for a scholarship.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=19|ps=}} To become an ICS official, students were required to pass the competitive examination and study at an English university for two years under probation. Aurobindo secured a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, under the recommendation of [[Oscar Browning]].{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|pp=29–30|ps=}} He passed the written ICS examination after a few months and ranked 11th out of 250 competitors. He spent the next two years at King's College.{{sfn|ACAD|GHS890AA}} Aurobindo had no interest in the ICS and came to the horse-riding practical exam purposefully to disqualify him for the service.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=31|ps=}}In 1891, Sri Aurobindo also felt that a period of great upheaval for his motherland was coming in which he was destined to play an important role. He began to learn Bengali and joined a secret society, romantically named 'Lotus and Dagger', where the members took an oath to work for India's freedom.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aurosociety.org/society/index/1872-–-1893-Calcutta-to-England#:~:text=Sri%20Aurobindo%20also%20felt%20that,to%20work%20for%20India%27s%20freedom | title=Sri Aurobindo Society &#124; Calcutta to England }}</ref>

The Maharaja of Baroda, [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], was travelling in England. Cotton secured Aurobindo a place in Baroda State Service and arranged for him to meet the prince.{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|p=6|ps=}} He left England for India,{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|p=6|ps=}} arriving there in February 1893.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=34|ps=}} In India, Krishna Dhun Ghose, who was waiting to receive his son, was misinformed by his agents from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) that the ship on which Aurobindo had been travelling had sunk off the coast of Portugal. His father died upon hearing this news.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=36|ps=}}{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|p=7|ps=}}

=== Career in Baroda and Political Involvement (1893–1910) ===
{{Main|Political history of Sri Aurobindo}}

{{See also|Anushilan Samiti}}
In [[Vadodara|Baroda]], Aurobindo joined the state service in 1893, working first in the Survey and Settlements department, later moving to the Department of Revenue and then to the Secretariat, and much miscellaneous work like teaching grammar and assisting in writing speeches for the Maharaja of [[Gaekwad]] until 1897.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=37|ps=}} In 1897, during his work in Baroda, he started working as a part-time French teacher at [[Baroda College]] (now Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda). He was later promoted to the post of vice-principal.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=42|ps=}} At Baroda, Aurobindo self-studied [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]].{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=43|ps=}}
[[File:Bande mataram.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Copy of ''Bande Mataram'', September 1907]]
During his stay at Baroda, he contributed to many articles for ''Indu Prakash'' and spoke as a chairman of the Baroda college board.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=68|ps=}} He started taking an active interest in the politics of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule, working behind the scenes as his position in the Baroda state administration barred him from an overt political activity. While traveling to these states, he linked up with resistance groups in Bengal and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Aurobindo established contact with [[Lokmanya Tilak]] and [[Sister Nivedita]].

Aurobindo often travelled between Baroda and Bengal, initially in a bid to re-establish links with his parents' families and other Bengali relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and later increased to establish resistance groups across the Presidency. He formally moved to Calcutta in 1906 after the announcement of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]. In 1901, on a visit to Calcutta, he married 14-year-old Mrinalini, the daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a senior official in government service. Aurobindo was 28 at that time. Mrinalini died seventeen years later in December 1918 during the [[1918 flu pandemic|influenza pandemic]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=53|ps=}}

In 1906, Aurobindo was appointed the first principal of the National College in Calcutta and started to impart national education to Indian youth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghose |first1=Aurobindo |title=The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo. |date=1997 |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Dept |location=Pondicherry |isbn=978-81-7058-496-4 |page=Vol 36: Autobiographical Notes, pg 54}}</ref> He resigned from this position in August 1907, due to his increased political activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advice to National College Students |url=https://www.aurobindo.ru/workings/sa/37_06_07/0256_e.htm |website=Site of Sri Aurobindo & The Mother |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728020806/https://www.aurobindo.ru/workings/sa/37_06_07/0256_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The National College continues to the present as Jadavpur University, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/about_us.php |website=Jadavpur University Website |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113221806/http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/about_us.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aurobindo was influenced by studies on rebellion and revolutions against England in medieval France and the revolts in America and Italy. In his public activities, he favored non-cooperation and [[nonviolent resistance]]; in private, he took up secret revolutionary activity to prepare for open revolt in case the passive uprising failed.{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=71|ps=}}

[[File:Sri Aurobindo presiding over a meeting of the Nationalists after the Surat Congress, with Tilak speaking, 1907.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Sri Aurobindo seated at the table, with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] speaking: Surat session of Congress, 1907]]
In Bengal, with Barin's help, he established contacts and inspired revolutionaries such as [[Bagha Jatin]] or Jatin Mukherjee and [[Surendranath Tagore|Surendranath]] Tagore. He helped establish a series of youth clubs, including the [[Anushilan Samiti]] of Calcutta in 1902.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=67|ps=}}

Aurobindo attended the 1906 [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] meeting headed by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and participated as a councilor in forming the fourfold objectives of "Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national education". In 1907, at the [[Surat Split|Surat session]] of Congress, where moderates and extremists had a major showdown, he led along with extremists and along with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. The Congress split after this session.{{sfnp|Thorpe|2010|p=29|ps=C}} In 1907–1908, Aurobindo traveled extensively to [[Pune]], Bombay, and Baroda to firm up support for the nationalist cause, giving speeches and meeting with groups. He was arrested again in May 1908 in connection with the [[Alipore Bomb Case]]. He was acquitted in the ensuing trial following the murder of chief prosecution witness Naren Goswami within jail premises, which subsequently led to the case against him collapsing. Aurobindo was subsequently released after a year of isolated incarceration.

Once out of prison, he started two new publications, ''Karmayogin'' in English and ''Dharma'' in Bengali. He also delivered the [[s:Uttarpara Speech|Uttarpara Speech]], hinting at the transformation of his focus to spiritual matters. Repression from the British colonial government against him continued because of his writings in his new journals, and in April 1910, Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, where the British colonial [[secret police]] monitored his activities.{{sfnp|Lorenzo|1999|p=70|ps=}}{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=217|ps=}}

=== Revolutionary Activities and the Alipore Bomb Case ===
[[File:Aurobindo jail picture.JPG|thumb|237x237px|left| Photographs of Aurobindo
as a prisoner in [[Alipore Jail]], 1908.]]
In July 1905, then [[Viceroy of India]], [[Lord Curzon]], [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned Bengal]]. This sparked an outburst of public anger against the British, leading to civil unrest and a nationalist campaign by groups of revolutionaries that included Aurobindo. In 1908, [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] attempted to kill Magistrate Kingsford, a judge known for handing down particularly severe sentences against nationalists. However, the bomb thrown at his horse carriage missed its target and instead landed in another carriage and killed two British women, the wife and daughter of barrister [[Pringle Kennedy]]. Aurobindo was also arrested on charges of planning and overseeing the attack and imprisoned in solitary confinement in [[Alipore Jail]]. The trial of the Alipore Bomb Case lasted for a year, but eventually, he was acquitted on 6 May 1909. His defense counsel was [[Chittaranjan Das]].{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=86|ps=}}

During this period in the Jail, his view of life was radically changed due to spiritual experiences and realisations. Consequently, his aim went far beyond the service and liberation of the country.{{Sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=61|ps=}}

Aurobindo said he was visited by [[Vivekananda]] in the Alipore Jail: "It is a fact that I was hearing constantly the voice of Vivekananda speaking to me for a fortnight in the jail in my solitary meditation and felt his presence."{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=98|ps=}}

In his autobiographical notes, Aurobindo said he felt a vast calm when returning to India. He could not explain this and continued to have various such experiences occasionally. He knew nothing of yoga at that time and started his practice of it without a teacher, except for some rules that he learned from Mr. Devadhar, a friend who was a disciple of Swami Brahmananda of Ganga Math, Chandod.<ref>K.R.S. Iyengar, ''Sri Aurobindo – a biography and a history'', Pondicherry, 1972, p. 62.</ref>{{Sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=110|ps=}} <!--When Sri Aurobindo became involved with Congress and ''Vande Mataram'', Barin had continued to meet patriotic youngsters for recruitment for such a plan.{{clarify|reason=what plan?}}--> In 1907, Barin introduced Aurobindo to Vishnu Bhaskar Lele,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnu Bhaskar Lele |url=https://wiki.auroville.org.in/wiki/Vishnu_Bhaskar_Lele |website=wiki.auroville.org.in |publisher=Auroville Wiki |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> a Maharashtrian yogi. Aurobindo was influenced by guidance from the yogi, who instructed Aurobindo to depend on an inner guide, and any external guru or guidance would not be required.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pp=142–143|ps=}}

In 1910, Aurobindo withdrew himself from all political activities and went into hiding at [[Chandannagar]] in the house of [[Motilal Roy]] while the British colonial government was attempting to prosecute him for sedition based on a signed article titled "To My Countrymen", published in ''Karmayogin''. As Aurobindo disappeared from view, the warrant was held back, and the prosecution postponed. Aurobindo maneuvered the police into open action, and a warrant was issued on 4 April 1910, but the warrant could not be executed because, on that date, he had reached Pondicherry, then a [[French colony]].{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=101|ps=}} The warrant against Aurobindo was withdrawn.

=== Spiritual Retreat, Literary Output, and Legacy, Pondicherry (1910–1950) ===
In Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo dedicated himself to his spiritual and philosophical pursuits. In 1914, after four years of secluded yoga, he started a monthly philosophical magazine called ''[[Arya (journal)|Arya]]''. This ceased publication in 1921. Many years later, he revised some of these works before they were published in book form. Some of the book series derived from this publication were ''The Life Divine'', ''The Synthesis of Yoga'', ''Essays on The Gita'', ''The Secret of The Veda'', ''Hymns to the Mystic Fire'', ''The Upanishads'', ''The Renaissance in India'', ''War and [[Self-determination]]'', ''The Human Cycle'', ''The Ideal of Human Unity'' and ''The Future Poetry'' were published in this magazine.{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|pp=31–33|ps=}}

At the beginning of his stay at Pondicherry, there were few followers, but with time, their numbers grew, resulting in the formation of the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] in 1926.<ref name="Sketch">{{citation |title=Sri Aurobindo: A Life Sketch |series=Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library |volume=30 |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/life_sketch.php |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311184542/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/life_sketch.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1926 he started to sign himself as ''Sri Aurobindo'', ''[[Sri]]'' being commonly used as an [[honorific]].{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=347|ps=: Sri Aurobindo without the surname seems to have first appeared in print in articles published in Chandernagore in 1920. It did not catch on at that time. He first signed his name Sri Aurobindo in March 1926, but continued to use Sri Aurobindo Ghose for a year or two.}}
[[File:Aurobindodeath.JPG|thumb|right|245x245px|Sri Aurobindo on his deathbed 5 December 1950]]
For some time afterwards, his main literary output was his voluminous correspondence with his disciples. His letters, most of which were written in the 1930s, numbered several thousand. Many were brief comments made in the margins of his disciples' notebooks in answer to their questions and reports of their spiritual practice—others extended to several pages of carefully composed explanations of practical aspects of his teachings. These were later collected and published in book form in three volumes of ''Letters on Yoga.'' In the late 1930s, he resumed work on a poem he had started earlier—he continued to expand and revise this poem for the rest of his life.{{sfnp|Thakur|2004|pp=20–26|ps=}} It became perhaps his most outstanding literary achievement, ''[[Savitri (book)|Savitri]]'', an epic spiritual poem in [[blank verse]] of approximately 24,000 lines.{{sfnp|Yadav|2007|p=31|ps=: "the fame of Sri Aurobindo mainly rests upon Savitri which is considered as his magnum opus&nbsp;... [It is] a 24000 line blank verse epic in which he has widened the original legend of the Mahabharata and turned it into a symbol where the soul of man, represented by Satyavan, is delivered from the grip of death and ignorance through the love and power of the Divine Mother, incarnated upon earth as Savitri."}}

On 15 August 1947, Sri Aurobindo strongly [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], stating that he hoped "the Nation will not accept the settled fact as forever settled, or as anything more than a temporary expedient."<ref name="Gautier2001">{{cite book |author=[[François Gautier]]|title=A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns |date=2001 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0795-9 |pages=74–75|language=en}}</ref>

Sri Aurobindo was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination archive: Sri Aurobindo |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=567 |website=The Nobel Prize |date=April 2020 |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908203734/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=567 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950 of [[uremia]]. Around 60,000 people attended to see his body resting peacefully.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2743031?frontend=frontend&query=&#91;location=123456789%2F1&query=%22republic+day%22&filtername=dateIssued&filtertype=equals&filterquery=%5B1950-01-01+TO+1950-12-31%5D&filtername_1=dateIssuedTo&filtertype_1=equals&filterquery_1=%5B1950-01-01+TO+1950-12-31%5D&rpp=20&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc |title=Shri Aurobindo's death - Colombo plan - Foreign Policy. 1950 |date=6 December 1950 |publisher=India News Chronicle |location=New Delhi |pages=57 |chapter=Sri Aurobindo Passes Away |quote="The sage's body lay in State in the Ashram, and by 6 p.m. more than 60,000 people had filed past it in queues in absolute silence." |access-date=31 August 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]] |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610033928/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2743031?frontend=frontend&query=%5Blocation=123456789/1&query=%22republic+day%22&filtername=dateIssued&filtertype=equals&filterquery=%5B1950-01-01+TO+1950-12-31%5D&filtername_1=dateIssuedTo&filtertype_1=equals&filterquery_1=%5B1950-01-01+TO+1950-12-31%5D&rpp=20&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and the President [[Rajendra Prasad]] praised him for his contribution to Yogic philosophy and the independence movement. National and international newspapers commemorated his death.<ref name=Sketch />{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|pages= 411–412|ps=: "On the morning of December 6, 1950 all of the major newspapers of the country announced the passing of Sri Aurobindo&nbsp;... President Rajendra Prasad, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, central and state ministers&nbsp;... recalled his contribution to the struggle for freedom, his philosophical and other writings, and the example of his yogic discipline. Abroad, his death was noted by newspapers in London, Paris and New York. A writer in the Manchester Guardian called him 'the most massive philosophical thinker that modern India has produced.'"}}

=== Mirra Alfassa Mother and the Development of the Ashram ===
Sri Aurobindo's close spiritual collaborator, [[Mirra Alfassa]] (born Alfassa), came to be known as ''The Mother''.<ref>{{cite book |title= Leap of Perception: The Transforming Power of Your Attention |edition= 1 |year= 2013 |publisher= Atria books |location= New York |isbn= 978-1-58270-390-9 |page= 121}}</ref> She was a [[French people|French national]], born in [[Paris]] on 21 February 1878. In her 20s, she studied [[occultism]] with [[Max Theon]]. Along with her husband, Paul Richard, she went to Pondicherry on 29 March 1914,{{sfnp|Aurobindo|2006|p=102|ps=}} and finally settled there in 1920. Sri Aurobindo considered her his spiritual equal and collaborator. After 24 November 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired into seclusion, he left it to her to plan, build, and run the ashram, the community of disciples gathered around them. Sometime later, when families with children joined the ashram, she established and supervised the [[Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education]] with its experiments in education. When he died in 1950, she continued their spiritual work, directed the ashram, and guided their disciples.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=292–293|ps=}}

== Philosophy ==
{{Main|Integral yoga}}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right;"
|-
! colspan=6 | Sri Aurobindo's model of Being and [[Evolution (Sri Aurobindo)|Evolution]]{{sfn|Wilber|1980|p=263}}{{sfn|Sharma|1991}}

|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''Levels of Being'''
| rowspan=2 | '''Development'''

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Overall'''
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| '''Outer Being'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Inner Being'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Psychic Being'''

|-
| Sri aurobindo-overall rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Supermind
| Sri aurobindo-oip rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[Supermind (integral yoga)|Supermind]]
| Sri Aurobindo-Development                          | Gnostic Man

|-
| Sri Aurobindo-Development | Supra-mentalisation

|-
| Sri aurobindo-overall rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Mind
| Sri aurobindo-outer rowspan="4"|
| Sri aurobindo-ip colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Overmind
| Aurobindo-Development rowspan=4          | Psychisation<br />and<br />Spiritualisation

|-
| aurobindo-ip colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Intuition

|-
| aurobindo-ip colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Illuminated Mind

|-
| aurobindo-ip colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Higher Mind

|-
| aurobindo-sub style="text-align:center;"| Subconscient<br />mind
| aurobindo-outer style="text-align:center;"| Mind proper
| aurobindo-i style="text-align:center;"| Subliminal<br />(inner) mind
| Aurobindo-P rowspan=3                             |
| aurobindo-d rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Evolution

|-
| Aurobindo-Overall         | Vital
| Aurobindo-Sub             | Subconscient<br />Vital
| Aurobindo-Outer           | Vital
| aurobindo-inner| Subliminal<br />(inner) Vital

|-
| Aurobindo-Overall         | Physical
| Aurobindo-sub             | Subconscient<br />Physical
| Aurobindo-Outer           | Physical
| aurobindo-inner| Subl. (inner)<br />Physical

|-
| Aurobindo-Overall                     | Inconscient
| aurobindo-soip colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Inconscient
|}

=== Introduction ===
Sri Aurobindo's concept of the Integral Yoga system is described in his books, ''The Synthesis of Yoga'' and ''The Life Divine''.{{Sfnp|McDermott|1994|p=281|ps=}} ''The Life Divine'' is a compilation of essays published serially in ''Arya.''

Sri Aurobindo argues that divine ''[[Brahman]]'' manifests as empirical reality through ''[[līlā]],'' or divine play. Instead of positing that the world we experience is an illusion (''[[Maya (illusion)|māyā]]'')'','' Aurobindo argues that the world can evolve and become a new world with new species, far above the human species just as human species have evolved after the animal species. As such, he argued that the end goal of spiritual practice could not merely be a liberation from the world into Samadhi but would also be that of descent of the Divine into the world in order to transform it into a Divine existence. Thus, this constituted the purpose of Integral Yoga.<ref>Aurobindo, Sri. ''The Synthesis of Yoga.'' Lotus Press, 1996. P. 7-8</ref> Regarding the involution of consciousness in matter, he wrote that: "This descent, this sacrifice of the Purusha, the Divine Soul submitting itself to Force and Matter so that it may inform and illuminate them is the seed of redemption of this world of Inconscience and Ignorance."<ref>Aurobindo, Sri. ''The Synthesis of Yoga.'' Lotus Press, 1996. p. 106.</ref>

Sri Aurobindo believed that evolutionary theories merely describe the phenomenon of the emergence of life from matter but do not explain the reason behind it.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', p. 5.</ref> He asserts that life is already involved in matter, as all existence is a manifestation of Brahman.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', pp. 5, 8, 338–339.</ref> He argues that Nature has evolved life out of matter and mind out of life, and that this evolution has a purpose: to manifest the Supermind.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', pp. 5, 273, 690, 791.</ref> He noted that this evolutionary labour, a 'cosmic necessity', is arduous and often 'difficult to justify by immediate tangible results', leading some to seek an escape from it rather than fulfilling its aim.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', p. 7.</ref>

=== Supermind ===
{{Main|Supermind (integral yoga)}}

At the centre of Sri Aurobindo's metaphysical system is the Supermind, an intermediary power between the unmanifested Brahman and the manifested world.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', pp. 130, 137, 143.</ref> Sri Aurobindo asserts that the Supermind is not completely alien to us; Mind is identical with Supermind in essence and conceals it within itself as a potentiality.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', pp. 130–131.</ref> He clarifies that while he first used the word 'supermind' himself, the concept of a 'Truth-Consciousness' appears in the Vedas, where the Vedic Gods represent its powers.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Himself and the Ashram'', p. 142; see also ''The Life Divine'', p. 133.</ref> In ''Letters on Yoga'', he declares: "By the Supermind is meant the full Truth-consciousness of the Divine Nature in which there can be no place for the principle of division and ignorance; it is always a full light and knowledge superior to all mental substance or mental movement."<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 146.</ref> Supermind is a bridge between Sachchidananda and the lower manifestation; it is only through the supramental power that mind, life, and body can be integrally transformed, as the realisation of Sachchidananda supports but does not transform the lower nature.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 133.</ref> The descent of the Supermind is intended to create a supramental race upon earth.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 279; ''The Life Divine'', p. 583.</ref>

=== Affinity with Western philosophy ===
In his writings, talks, and letters Sri Aurobindo has referred to several European philosophers with whose basic concepts he was familiar, commenting on their ideas and discussing the question of affinity to his own line of thought. Thus, he wrote a long essay on the Greek philosopher [[Heraclitus]]<ref>Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo (CWSA) vol. 13, ''Essays in Philosophy and Yoga'', Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram 1995, pp. 215–58</ref> and mentioned especially [[Plato]], [[Plotinus]], [[Nietzsche]] and [[Bergson]] as thinkers in whom he was interested because of their more intuitive approach.{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|ps= Ch. 2–4, 7 and 8}} On the other hand, he felt little attraction for the philosophy of [[Kant]] or [[Hegel]].<ref>CWSA vol. 36, ''Autobiographical Notes'', p. 112.</ref> Several studies<ref>One of the more comprehensive titles is: K.D. Sethna. ''The Spirituality of the Future. A Search apropos of R.C. Zaehner’s Study in Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard de Chardin.'' London 1981</ref> have shown a remarkable closeness to the evolutionary thought of [[Teilhard de Chardin]], whom he did not know, whereas the latter came to know of Sri Aurobindo at a late stage. After reading some chapters of ''The Life Divine'', he is reported to have said that Sri Aurobindo's vision of evolution was basically the same as his own, though stated for Asian readers.{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=0127}}<ref>Sethna, K.D. (1981). ''The Spirituality of the Future. A Search apropos of R.C. Zaehner’s Study in Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard de Chardin.'' Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 257. {{ISBN|978-1611470703}}.</ref>

Several scholars have discovered significant similarities in the thought of Sri Aurobindo and Hegel. Steve Odin has discussed this subject comprehensively in a comparative study.<ref>''Sri Aurobindo and Hegel on the Involution-Evolution of Absolute Spirit.'' Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr. 1981), pp. 179–191</ref> Odin writes that Sri Aurobindo "has appropriated Hegel’s notion of an Absolute Spirit and employed it to radically restructure the architectonic framework of the ancient Hindu Vedanta system in contemporary terms."<ref>Odin, p.179. (Sri Aurobindo himself denied to be influenced by Hegel. See A.B. Purani, ''Evening Talks with Sri Aurobindo.'' Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram 2001, p. 106)</ref> In his analysis Odin arrives at the conclusion that "both philosophers similarly envision world creation as the progressive self-manifestation and evolutionary ascent of a universal consciousness in its journey toward Self-realization."<ref name="Odin, p. 186">Odin, p. 186</ref> He points out that in contrast to the deterministic and continuous dialectal unfolding of Absolute Reason by the mechanism of thesis-antithesis-synthesis or affirmation-negation-integration, "Sri Aurobindo argues for a creative, emergent mode of evolution."<ref name="Odin, p. 186"/> In his résumé Odin states that Sri Aurobindo has overcome the ahistorical world-vision of traditional Hinduism and presented a concept which allows for a genuine advance and novelty.<ref>Odin, p. 190</ref>

=== Importance of the Upanishads ===
Although Sri Aurobindo was familiar with the most important lines of thought in Western philosophy, he did not acknowledge their influence on his own writings.<ref>''Evening Talks with Sri Aurobindo'', p. 106</ref> He wrote that his philosophy "was formed first by the study of the [[Upanishads]] and the Gita … They were the basis of my first practice of Yoga." With the help of his readings he tried to move on to actual experience, "and it was on this experience that later on I founded my philosophy, not on ideas themselves."<ref>CWSA vol. 36, ''Autobiographical Writings'', p. 113</ref>

He assumes that the seers of the Upanishads had basically the same approach and gives some details of his vision of the past in a long passage in ''The Renaissance of India''. "The Upanishads have been the acknowledged source of numerous profound philosophies and religions", he writes. Even [[Buddhism]] with all its developments was only a "restatement" from a new standpoint and with fresh terms. And, furthermore, the ideas of the Upanishads "can be rediscovered in much of the thought of [[Pythagoras]] and Plato and form the profound part of [[Neo-platonism]] and [[Gnosticism]] ..." Finally, the larger part of German metaphysics "is little more in substance than an intellectual development of great realities more spiritually seen in this ancient teaching."<ref>CWSA, vol. 20, p. 330</ref> When once he was asked by a disciple whether Plato got some of his ideas from Indian books, he responded that though something of the philosophy of India got through "by means of Pythagoras and others", he assumed that Plato got most of his ideas from intuition.<ref>CWSA vol. 27, ''Letters on Poetry and Art'', p. 520.</ref>

Sri Aurobindo's indebtedness to the Indian tradition also becomes obvious through his placing a large number of quotations from the [[Rig Veda]], the [[Upanishads]] and the [[Bhagavadgita]] at the beginning of the chapters in ''The Life Divine'', showing the connection of his own thought to [[Veda]] and [[Vedanta]].{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=10}}{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=276}}

The ''Isha Upanishad'' is considered to be one of the most important and more accessible writings of Sri Aurobindo.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=267}} Before he published his final translation and analysis, he wrote ten incomplete commentaries.<ref>CWSA vol. 17, Publisher’s Note</ref> In a key passage he points out that the Brahman or Absolute is both the Stable and the Moving. "We must see it in eternal and immutable Spirit and in all the changing manifestations of universe and relativity."{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=267}}<ref>CWSA 17:30</ref> Sri Aurobindo's biographer K.R.S. Iyengar quotes R.S. Mugali as stating that Sri Aurobindo might have obtained in this Upanishad the thought-seed which later grew into ''The Life Divine''.<ref>K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar (1972) ''Sri Aurobindo – A Biography and a history.'' Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram. p. 441.</ref>

=== Synthesis and integration ===
[[Sisir Kumar Maitra]], who was a leading exponent of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy,{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=85}} has referred to the issue of external influences and written that Sri Aurobindo does not mention names, but "as one reads his books one cannot fail to notice how thorough is his grasp of the great Western philosophers of the present age..." Although he is Indian one should not "underrate the influence of Western thought upon him. This influence is there, very clearly visible, but Sri Aurobindo... has not allowed himself to be dominated by it. He has made full use of Western thought, but he has made use of it for the purpose of building up his own system..."<ref>Maitra, S.K. (1988): ''The Meeting of the East and the West in Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy.'' Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram. p. 49. {{ISBN|978-8170580782}}</ref> Thus Maitra, like Steve Odin,{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=78}} sees Sri Aurobindo not only in the tradition and context of Indian, but also Western philosophy and assumes he may have adopted some elements from the latter for his synthesis.

R. Puligandla supports this viewpoint in his book ''Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy''. He describes Sri Aurobindo's philosophy as "an original synthesis of the Indian and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique fashion the great social, political and scientific achievements of the modern West with the ancient and profound spiritual insights of [[Hinduism]]. The vision that powers the life divine of Aurobindo is none other than the Upanishadic vision of the unity of all existence."<ref name=Puligandla>{{cite book|author=Ramakrishna Puligandla|title=Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ_0OAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0087-0|pages=267–268|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053258/https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ_0OAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Puligandla also discusses Sri Aurobindo's critical position vis-à-vis [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]<ref>For Sri Aurobindo’s critique, see, for instance, CWSA vol. 17, ''Isha Upanishad'', pp. 498–99. There he says that Shankara’s world-negative approach "has overshadowed for centuries the lives and souls of hundreds of millions of human beings." However, he also recognized him as "one of the mightiest of metaphysical intellects." (''Isha Upanishad'', p. 497)</ref> and his thesis that the latter's Vedanta is a world-negating philosophy, as it teaches that the world is unreal and illusory. From Puligandla's standpoint this is a misrepresentation of Shankara's position, which may have been caused by Sri Aurobindo's endeavour to synthesise Hindu and Western modes of thought, identifying Shankara's Mayavada with the subjective idealism of [[George Berkeley]].<ref name=Puligandla/>

However, Sri Aurobindo's critique of Shankara is supported by U. C. Dubey in his paper titled ''Integralism: The Distinctive Feature of Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy.'' He points out that Sri Aurobindo's system presents an integral view of Reality where there is no opposition between the Absolute and its creative force, as they are actually one. Furthermore, he refers to Sri Aurobindo's conception of the supermind as the mediatory principle between the Absolute and the finite world and quotes S.K. Maitra stating that this conception "is the pivot round which the whole of Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy moves."<ref name=Dubey>U. C. Dubey (2007) "Integralism the distinctive feature of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy", pp. 25–27, Ch. 2 in ''Understanding Thoughts of Sri Aurobindo''. Indrani Sanyal and Krishna Roy (eds.). D K Printworld. New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-246-0402-1}}</ref>

Dubey proceeds to analyse the approach of the Shankarites and believes that they follow an inadequate kind of logic that does not do justice to the challenge of tackling the problem of the Absolute, which cannot be known by finite reason. With the help of the finite reason, he says, "we are bound to determine the nature of reality as one or many, being or becoming. But Sri Aurobindo's Integral Advaitism reconciles all apparently different aspects of Existence in an all-embracing unity of the Absolute." Next, Dubey explains that for Sri Aurobindo there is a higher reason, the "logic of the infinite" in which his integralism is rooted.<ref name=Dubey/>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sri Aurobindo 1964 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Sri Aurobindo on a 1964 Indian stamp]]
=== Influence ===
His influence has been wide-ranging. In India, [[Shishir Kumar Maitra|S. K. Maitra]], [[Anilbaran Roy]] and [[D. P. Chattopadhyaya]] commented on Sri Aurobindo's work. Writers on [[Western esotericism|esotericism]] and traditional wisdom, such as [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Paul Brunton]] saw him as an authentic representative of the Indian spiritual tradition.{{sfnp|Heehs|2008|p=379|ps=}}

[[Haridas Chaudhuri]] and [[Frederic Spiegelberg]]<ref>Haridas Chaudhuri and Frederic Spiegelberg (1960) ''The integral philosophy of Sri Aurobindo: a commemorative symposium'', Allen & Unwin.</ref> were among those who were inspired by Aurobindo, who worked on the newly formed [[American Academy of Asian Studies]] in [[San Francisco]]. Soon after, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina established the Cultural Integration Fellowship, from which later emerged the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]].<ref>"From the [[American Academy of Asian Studies]] to the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]]" [http://www.well.com/~davidu/aaas-ciis.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130160140/http://www.well.com/~davidu/aaas-ciis.html|date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

Sri Aurobindo influenced [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] to take an initiative of dedicating to Indian National Movement full-time. Bose writes, "The illustrious example of Arabindo Ghosh looms large before my vision. I feel that I am ready to make the sacrifice which that example demands of me."<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratna Ghosh|title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian Freedom Struggle: Subhas Chandra Bose : his ideas and vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1QPWD0iBlQC&pg=PA42|year=2006|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=978-81-7629-843-8|pages=42–|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053257/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1QPWD0iBlQC&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] was heavily inspired by Satprem's writings about Sri Aurobindo during a week in May 1968, a time at which the composer was undergoing a personal crisis and had found Sri Aurobindo's philosophies were relevant to his feelings. After this experience, Stockhausen's music took a completely different turn, focusing on mysticism, that was to continue until the end of his career.{{sfnp|O'Mahony|2001|ps=}}

[[Jean Gebser]] acknowledged Sri Aurobindo's influence on his work and referred to him several times in his writings. Thus, in ''The Invisible Origin'' he quotes a long passage from ''The Synthesis of Yoga''.<ref>''Sri Aurobindo and European Philosophy'', pp. 155–56</ref> Gebser believes that he was "in some way brought into the extremely powerful spiritual field of force radiating through Sri Aurobindo."{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=155}}<ref>''Der unsichtbare Ursprung'', Olten 1970, p. 96.</ref> In his title ''Asia Smiles Differently'' he reports about his visit to the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and meeting with the Mother whom he calls an "exceptionally gifted person."{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=157}}<ref>''Asien lächelt anders'', Frankfurt 1968, p. 112</ref>

After meeting Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1915, the Danish author and artist [[Johannes Hohlenberg]] published one of the first Yoga titles in Europe and later on wrote two essays on Sri Aurobindo. He also published extracts from ''The Life Divine'' in Danish translation.<ref>Bracker, Klaus J. (2018). ''Veda and Living Logos. Anthroposophy and Integral Yoga.'' Lindisfarne Books. pp. 227–232. {{ISBN|978-1-58420-938-6}}</ref>

The Chilean [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Gabriela Mistral]] called Sri Aurobindo "a unique synthesis of a [[scholar]], a [[theologian]] and one who is enlightened." "The gift of Civil Leadership, the gift of Spiritual Guidance, the gift of Beautiful Expression: this is the trinity, the three lances of light with which Sri Aurobindo has reached the great number of Indians..."<ref>''Mother India'', Puducherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, June 2023, p. 66</ref>

[[William Irwin Thompson]] travelled to [[Auroville]] in 1972, where he met "The Mother". Thompson has called Sri Aurobindo's teaching on spirituality a "radical anarchism" and a "post-religious approach" and regards their work as having "...&nbsp;reached back into the Goddess culture of prehistory, and, in Marshall McLuhan's terms, 'culturally retrieved' the archetypes of the shaman and ''la sage femme''...&nbsp;" Thompson also writes that he experienced Shakti, or psychic power coming from The Mother on the night of her death in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thinking otherwise&nbsp;– From Religion to Post-Religious Spirituality: Conclusion |url=http://www.wildriverreview.com/Column/Thinking-Otherwise/On-Religion/Post-Religious-Spirituality-Conclusion/William-Irwin-Thompson |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307025319/http://www.wildriverreview.com/column/thinking-otherwise/on-religion/post-religious-spirituality-conclusion/william-irwin-thompson |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sri Aurobindo's ideas about the further evolution of human capabilities influenced the thinking of [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]]&nbsp;– and indirectly, the [[human potential movement]], through Murphy's writings.{{sfnp|Kripal|2007|pp=60–63|ps=}}

The American philosopher [[Ken Wilber]] has called Sri Aurobindo "India's greatest modern philosopher sage"<ref>Ken Wilber, Foreword to A. S. Dalal (ed.), ''A Greater Psychology&nbsp;– An Introduction to the Psychological Thought of Sri Aurobindo'', Tarcher/Putnam, 2000.</ref> and has integrated some of his ideas into his philosophical vision. Wilber's interpretation of Aurobindo has been criticised by [[Rod Hemsell]].<ref>Rod Hemsell (January 2002). "[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/i_es/i_es_hemse_wilber.htm Ken Wilber and Sri Aurobindo: A Critical Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926183553/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/i_es/i_es_hemse_wilber.htm |date=26 September 2021 }}".</ref> [[New Age]] writer [[Andrew Harvey (religious writer)|Andrew Harvey]] also looks to Sri Aurobindo as a major inspiration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hidden Journey: A Spiritual Awakening |url=http://www.tricycle.com/reviews/hidden-journey-spiritual-awakening |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320020818/http://www.tricycle.com/reviews/hidden-journey-spiritual-awakening |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Followers ===
The following authors, disciples and organisations trace their intellectual heritage back to, or have in some measure been influenced by, Sri Aurobindo and The Mother.
* [[Nolini Kanta Gupta]] (1889–1983) was one of Sri Aurobindo's senior disciples, and wrote extensively on philosophy, mysticism, and spiritual evolution based on the teaching of Sri Aurobindo and "The Mother".<ref>{{cite book |title=Sri Aurobindo: A Contemporary Reade |author=Sachidananda Mohanty|edition= 1 |year= 2008 |publisher= routeledge |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-415-46093-4 |page= 36}}</ref>
* [[Nirodbaran]] (1903–2006). A doctor who obtained his medical degree from Edinburgh, his long and voluminous correspondence with Sri Aurobindo elaborates on many aspects of Integral Yoga and fastidious record of conversations brings out Sri Aurobindo's thought on numerous subjects.{{sfnp|Nirodbaran|1973|pp=1–19|ps=}}
* [[M. P. Pandit]] (1918–1993). Secretary to "The Mother" and the ashram, his copious writings and lectures cover Yoga, the Vedas, Tantra, Sri Aurobindo's epic "Savitri" and others.
* [[Sri Chinmoy]] (1931–2007) joined the ashram in 1944. Later, he wrote the play about Sri Aurobindo's life – ''Sri Aurobindo: Descent of the Blue'' – and a book, ''Infinite: Sri Aurobindo''.<ref>{{Citation|author=Sri Chinmoy|title=Sri Chinmoy's writings on Sri Aurobindo|url=http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/spiritual/sri_aurobindo|access-date=12 November 2013|publisher=srichinmoylibrary.com|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011003456/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/spiritual/sri_aurobindo|url-status=dead}}</ref> An author, composer, artist and athlete, he was perhaps best known for holding public events on the theme of inner peace and world harmony (such as concerts, meditations, and races).{{sfnp|Dua|2005|pp=18–22|ps=}}{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is to five pages of an obscure children's book. Surely an academic source exists which is more widely available, rigorous, and objective.|date=May 2020}}
* [[Pavitra (disciple)|Pavitra]] (1894–1969) was one of their early disciples. Born as Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. Pavitra left some very interesting memoirs of his conversations with them in 1925 and 1926, which were published as ''Conversations avec Pavitra''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mother's Agenda |author=Satprem|edition= 3 |volume=6 |year= 1965 |publisher= Inst. de Recherches Évolutives |location= Paris |isbn= 978-0-938710-12-7 |page= 188}}</ref>
* [[Dilipkumar Roy]] (1897–1980) was an Indian Bengali musician, musicologist, novelist, poet and essayist.
* T.V. [[Kapali Sastry]] (1886–1953) was an eminent author and Sanskrit scholar. He joined the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1929 and wrote books and articles in four languages, exploring especially Sri Aurobindo's Vedic interpretations.
* [[Satprem]] (1923–2007) was a French author and an important disciple of "The Mother" who published [[Mother's Agenda|''Mother's Agenda (1982)'']], ''Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness'' (2000), ''On the Way to Supermanhood'' (2002) and more.{{sfnp|Satprem|1982|p=5|ps=}}
* [[Indra Sen]] (1903–1994) was another disciple of Sri Aurobindo who, although little-known in the West, was the first to articulate [[integral psychology]] and integral philosophy, in the 1940s and 1950s. A compilation of his papers came out under the title, ''Integral Psychology'' in 1986.<ref>K. Satchidanandan (1990) ''Who's who of Indian Writers: supplementary volume''. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, p. 134. {{ISBN| 978-8172015145}}</ref>
* [[K. D. Sethna]] (1904–2011) was an Indian poet, scholar, writer, cultural critic and disciple of Sri Aurobindo. For several decades he was the editor of the Ashram journal ''Mother India''.<ref>* P. Raja (2018), ''K.D. Sethna''. New Delhi, Sahitya Akademi. {{ISBN|9788126052837}}</ref>
* [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]] (''Nistha'') (1886–1944), daughter of US President [[Woodrow Wilson]], came to the ashram in 1938 and stayed there until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=wZJMF1LD7PcC&dat=19440214&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=Woodrow Wilson Daughter Dead|date=14 February 1944|work=[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]|access-date=16 November 2015|page=1|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023164748/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=wZJMF1LD7PcC&dat=19440214&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> She helped to prepare a revised edition of ''The Life Divine''.<ref>K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar. (1972) Sri Aurobindo – A Biography and a history. Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo Ashram. p. 559</ref>
* [[Xu Fancheng]] (Hsu Hu) (26 October 1909, [[Changsha]] – 6 March 2000, [[Beijing]]), Chinese Sanskrit scholar, came to Ashram in 1951 and became a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and a follower of The Mother. For 27 years (1951–78) he lived at Pondicherry and devoted himself to translating the complete works of Sri Aurobindo under the guidance of The Mother.

== In popular culture ==
The 1970 Indian Bengali-language biographical drama film ''Mahabiplabi Aurobindo'', directed by Dipak Gupta, depicted Sri Aurobindo's life on screen.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gautam Kaul|title=Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-2116-6}}</ref> On the 72nd [[Republic Day of India]], the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] presented a tableau on his life.<ref>{{cite web|title=R-Day parade: Ministry of Culture presents tableau on Sri Aurobindo's life, works as nation celebrates his 150th birth anniversary|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/r-day-parade-ministry-of-culture-presents-tableau-on-sri-aurobindos-life-works-as-nation-celebrates-his-150th-birth-anniversary20220126122320/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127135739/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/r-day-parade-ministry-of-culture-presents-tableau-on-sri-aurobindos-life-works-as-nation-celebrates-his-150th-birth-anniversary20220126122320/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 August 2023, a short animation film ''Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn'' was released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn |url=https://www.anewdawn.in/ |website=Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120055915/https://www.anewdawn.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Animation film launch, dawnfire communion mark Sri Aurobindo birth anniversary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/animation-film-launch-dawnfire-communion-mark-sri-aurobindo-birth-anniversary/article67198389.ece |agency=The Hindu |date=15 August 2023 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203093307/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/animation-film-launch-dawnfire-communion-mark-sri-aurobindo-birth-anniversary/article67198389.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Literature ==

=== Indian editions ===
{{div col}}
* A first edition of collected works was published in 1972 in 30 volumes: ''Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library'' (SABCL), Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram.<ref>G.D. Gupta (1989) ''Glossary and Index of Proper Names in Sri Aurobindo’s Works'', Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. p. xv. {{ISBN|978-8170581703}}</ref>
* A new edition of collected works was started in 1995. Currently, 36 out of 37 volumes have been published: ''Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo'' (CWSA). Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sabda.in/catalog/show.php?id=cw | title=SABDA – Collected Works | access-date=12 September 2019 | archive-date=1 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201101831/https://www.sabda.in/catalog/show.php?id=cw | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Huchzermeyer|2016|p=189}}


{{div col end}}

=== American edition ===
==== Main works ====
* ''Sri Aurobindo Primary Works Set 12 vol. US Edition'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-93-0}}
* ''Sri Aurobindo Selected Writings Software CD-ROM'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-88-8}}
* ''The Life Divine'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-61-2}}
* ''Savitri'': A Legend and a Symbol, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-80-9}}
* ''The Synthesis of Yoga,'' Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-65-5}}
* ''Essays on the Gita,'' Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-18-7}}
* ''The Ideal of Human Unity'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-43-8}}
* ''The Human Cycle: The Psychology of Social Development'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-44-6}}
* ''The Human Cycle, Ideal of Human Unity, War and Self Determination'', Lotus Press. {{ISBN|81-7058-014-5}}
* ''The Upanishads'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-23-3}}
* ''Secret of the Veda'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-19-5}}
* ''Hymns to the Mystic Fire,'' Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-22-5}}
* ''The Mother'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-79-5}}

==== Compilations and secondary literature ====
{{div col}}
* ''The Integral Yoga: Sri Aurobindo's Teaching and Method of Practice'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-76-0}}
* ''The Future Evolution of Man'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-940985-55-1}}
* ''The Essential Aurobindo&nbsp;– Writings of Sri Aurobindo'' {{ISBN|978-0-9701097-2-9}}
* ''Bhagavad Gita and Its Message'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-78-7}}
* ''The Mind of Light'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-940985-70-5}}
* ''Rebirth and Karma'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-63-9}}
* ''Hour of God'' by Sri Aurobindo, Lotus Press. {{ISBN|81-7058-217-2}}
* ''Dictionary of Sri Aurobindo's Yoga'', (compiled by M. P. Pandit), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-74-4}}
* ''Vedic Symbolism'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-941524-30-2}}
* ''The Powers Within'', Lotus Press. {{ISBN|978-0-941524-96-4}}
* ''Reading Sri Aurobindo'', Penguin Random House India. {{ISBN|978-0670097036}}
{{div col end}}

=== Comparative studies ===
* Hemsell, Rod (Oct. 2014). ''The Philosophy of Evolution.'' Auro-e-Books, E-Book
* Hemsell, Rod (Dec. 2014). ''Sri Aurobindo and the Logic of the Infinite: Essays for the New Millennium.'' Auro-e-Books, E-Book
* Hemsell, Rod (2017). ''The Philosophy of Consciousness: Hegel and Sri Aurobindo.'' E-Book
* Huchzermeyer, Wilfried (Oct. 2018). ''Sri Aurobindo’s Commentaries on Krishna, Buddha, Christ and Ramakrishna. Their Role in the Evolution of Humanity.'' edition sawitri, E-Book
* Johnston, David T. (Nov. 2016) ''Jung's Global Vision: Western Psyche, Eastern Mind, With References to Sri Aurobindo, Integral Yoga, The Mother.'' Agio Publishing House, {{ISBN|9781927755211}}
* Johnston, David T. (Dec. 2016). ''Prophets in Our Midst: Jung, Tolkien, Gebser, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother.'' Universe, E-Book
* Singh, Satya Prakash (2013). ''Nature of God. A Comparative Study in Sri Aurobindo and Whitehead.'' Antrik Express Digital, E-Book
* Singh, Satya Prakash (2005). ''Sri Aurobindo, Jung and Vedic Yoga.'' Mira Aditi Centre, {{ISBN|9788187471127}}
* Eric M. Weiss (2003): ''The Doctrine of the Subtle Worlds. Sri Aurobindo’s Cosmology, Modern Science and the Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead'', [http://www.ericweiss.com/papers/pdf/THE%20DOCTRINE%20OF%20THE%20SUBTLE%20WORLDS.pdf Dissertation] (PDF; 1,3&nbsp;MB), California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco

== See also ==
* [[Integral psychology]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |title=Census Returns of England and Wales |year=1881 |location=Kew, England |publisher=The National Archives of the UK: Public Record Office |at=Class: RG11; Piece: 3918; Folio: 15; Page: 23; GSU roll: 1341936 |ref={{harvid|1881 Census}} }}
* {{citation|first=Edgar |last=Thorpe |title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual |publisher=Dorling kindersley Pvt ltd |location=New Delhi |year=2010}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/aurobindo-sri-1872-1950 |title=Aurobindo, Sri (1872–1950) |last=Anon |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=18 August 2012 |ref={{harvid|English Heritage}} |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144932/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/aurobindo-sri-1872-1950 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Aurobindo |first=Sri |title=The Life Divine |year=2005 |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/downloadpdf.php?id=36 |location=Pondicherry |publisher=Lotus press |isbn=978-0-941524-61-2 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020004812/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/downloadpdf.php?id=36 |url-status=dead }}
* {{acad |id=GHS890AA |name=Ghose, Aravinda}}
* {{citation |first=Sri |last=Aurobindo |title=Autobiographical Notes and Other Writings of Historical Interest |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department |year=2006 |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/downloadpdf.php?id=45 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626050213/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/downloadpdf.php?id=45 |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |first=Shyam |last=Dua |title=The Luminous Life of Sri Chinmoy |location=Noida |publisher=Tiny Tot Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-304-0221-5}}
* {{citation |first=Peter |last=Heehs |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZTFrMZFOvcC |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053257/https://books.google.com/books?id=EZTFrMZFOvcC |url-status=live }}
*{{citation |first=Wilfried |last=Huchzermeyer|year= 2016|title=Sri Aurobindo and European Philosophy|place=Prisma, Auroville|isbn= 978-81-928152-9-9}}
* {{citation |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |year=2007 |editor1-first=Constance |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=James D. |editor2-last=Ryan |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saJNuAAACAAJ |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053259/https://books.google.com/books?id=saJNuAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Kripal |first=Jeffery John |title=Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion |location=Chicago, USA |publisher=University of Chicago press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-45369-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzSP6BRFBzIC |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053152/https://books.google.com/books?id=fzSP6BRFBzIC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Lorenzo |first=David J. |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eukHQOqdQW0C |title=Tradition and the Rhetoric of Right: Popular Political Argument in the Aurobindo Movement |location=London |publisher=Associated University Presses |isbn=978-0-8386-3815-6 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053152/https://books.google.com/books?id=eukHQOqdQW0C |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=McDermott |first=Robert A. |author-link=Robert A. McDermott |title=Essential Aurobindo |publisher=SteinerBooks |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-940262-22-5}}
* {{citation |title=Twelve years with Sri Aurobindo |author=Nirodbaran |author-link=Nirodbaran |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |location=Pondicherry |year=1973 |url=http://intyoga.online.fr/nird12_1.htm |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=8 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208152419/http://intyoga.online.fr/nird12_1.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |first=John |last=O'Mahony |title=The Sound of Discord |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=29 September 2001 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/sep/29/arts.highereducation3 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814065043/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/sep/29/arts.highereducation3 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |author=Satprem |author-link=Satprem |year=1982 |title=The Mind of the Cells |publisher=Institute for Evolutionary Research |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-938710-06-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mindofcells00satp }}
* {{citation |last=Thakur |first=Bimal Narayan |title=Poetic Plays of Sri Aurobindo |year=2004 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-181-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caQBAMMi0f8C |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053811/https://books.google.com/books?id=caQBAMMi0f8C |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Yadav |first=Saryug |editor-last=Barbuddhe |editor-first=Satish |title=Indian Literature in English: Critical Views |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup and Sons |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-cVR_8v-4C |chapter=Sri Aurobindo's Life, Mind and Art |isbn=9788176258074 }}
* {{Citation | last =Wilber | first =Ken | year =1980 | title =The Atman project:a transpersonal view of human development | publisher =The Theosophical publishing house | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ST7uAAAAMAAJ | isbn =9780835605328 | access-date =20 October 2020 | archive-date =5 February 2024 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053700/https://books.google.com/books?id=ST7uAAAAMAAJ | url-status =live }}
* {{Citation | last =Sharma | first =Ram Nath | year =1991 | title =Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy of Social Development | publisher =Atlantic Publishers | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6qsrtCJPP7MC&q=aurobindo+inconscient | access-date =20 October 2020 | archive-date =5 February 2024 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053701/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qsrtCJPP7MC&q=aurobindo+inconscient#v=snippet&q=aurobindo%20inconscient&f=false | url-status =live }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |title=Sri Aurobindo: a biography and a history |first=K. R. Srinivasa |last=Iyengar |author-link=K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar |publisher=Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education |orig-year=1945 |year=1985}} (2 volumes, 1945)
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzequB8apsYC |title=Symbolism in the Poetry of Sri Aurobindo |first=Syamala |last=Kallury |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7017-257-4}}
* {{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Kitaeff |title=Sri Aurobindo |journal=Nouvelles Clés |issue=62 |pages=58–61}}
* {{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Manoj Kumar |title=Young Aurobindo's Vision: The Viziers of Bassora |url=http://sabda.in/catalog/bookinfo.php?websec=ENGD-LA-355 |location=Bareilly |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |year=2004 |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224203809/https://www.sabda.in/catalog/bookinfo.php?websec=ENGD-LA-355%20 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Prithwindra |last=Mukherjee |author-link=Prithwindra Mukherjee |title=Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Desclée de Brouwer |location=Paris |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |author=Satprem |author-link=Satprem |title=Sri Aurobindo, or the Adventure of Consciousness |year=1968 |location=Pondicherry, India |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press}}
* [[K. D. Sethna]], Vision and Work of Sri Aurobindo
* {{cite book |first=Ramdhari |last=Singh |author-link=Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' |title=Sri Aurobindo: Meri Drishti Mein |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |location=New Delhi |year=2008}}
* {{cite book |first=Georges |last=van Vrekhem |author-link=Georges van Vrekhem |title=Beyond Man&nbsp;– The Life and Work of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New Delhi |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7223-327-3}}
* Raychaudhuri, Girijashankar.....Sri Aurobindo O Banglar Swadeshi Joog (published 1956)
* Ghose, Aurobindo, Nahar, S., & Institut de recherches évolutives. (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421151935/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ir/ India's rebirth: A selection from Sri Aurobindo's writing, talks and speeches] Paris: Institut de recherches évolutives.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Sri Aurobindo|display=Sri Aurobindo|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=yes|d=Q192207}}
* {{official website|http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org}} Sri Aurobindo Ashram
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sri Aurobindo}}
* [http://www.auroville.org/ Auroville]
* [https://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/sriaurobindo/writings.php Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo]

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