Editing Louis Antoine

{{short description|French mathematician (1888–1971)}}
{{for|the French noblemen|Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien|Louis Antoine de Bougainville}}
'''Louis Antoine''' (23 November 1888 – 8 February 1971) was a French mathematician who discovered [[Antoine's necklace]], which J. W. Alexander used to construct Antoine's horned sphere. He lost his eyesight in the first World War, at the age of 29.<ref name="MathbookAntoine">{{cite book |last1=Pickover |first1=Clifford A. |title=The Math Book |date=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publications |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4027-57969 |pages=340|author1-link=Pickover }}</ref><ref name="St.AndrewsAntoine">{{cite web |title=Louis Auguste Antoine |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Antoine.html |website=University of St. Andrews |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland |accessdate=1 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="AMSAntoine">{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Allyn |title=The World of Blind Mathematicians |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |date=2002 |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1246–1251 |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200210/comm-morin.pdf |accessdate=1 December 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Louis Antoine was born in [[Mirecourt]]. He studied at the [[lycee]] in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. His father was a director of a manufacturer of matchsticks. After this, he studied at the Collège de Compiègne. He was awarded the bacculareat in Latin and science in 1905 and the bacculareat in mathematics in 1906. He then attended [[École Normale Supérieure]]. Once he graduated, he became a mathematics teacher the Lycée de Dijon in Saint-Cyr.

He married his wife, Marguerite Rouselle in 1918. After the declaration of [[World War I]], Antoine served as a reserve lieutenant in the 72nd Infantry Regiment of Amiens, and later a commander on the machine gun of the 151st Infantry Regiment. In 1917, he lost his sight as a result of bullets hitting his eyes.<ref name="St.AndrewsAntoine" />

After the loss of his vision, [[Henri Lebesgue]] suggested that Antoine study two- and three-dimensional [[topology]] as it could be studied without the use of his sight.<ref name="MathbookAntoine" /><ref name="AMSAntoine" /><ref name="St.AndrewsAntoine" />

==Work==
In 1919, Antoine began his doctorate in mathematics at the [[University of Strasbourg]]. Antoine was assisted by his friends during his studies, who produced [[braille]] copies of mathematical papers. Antoine developed a system of braille mathematical notation, with the assistance of a student at École Normale Supérieure.

Antoine discovered Antoine's necklace in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Antoine |first1=Louis |title=Sur l'homéomorphisme de deux figures et leurs voisinages |journal=Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées |date=1921 |issue=4 |pages=221–325}}</ref> He submitted his thesis in 1921. In 1922, Antoine became an assistant lecturer at the Faculty of Sciences in [[Rennes]]. He subsequently became a professor of Pure Mathematics at Rennes in 1925.<ref name="St.AndrewsAntoine" />

==Later life and death==
Antoine began to experience heart disease in 1957. He subsequently retired from his professorship. He was elected to the [[Académie des Sciences]] in 1961. He died in 1971 after fracturing his neck.<ref name="St.AndrewsAntoine" />

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Antoine, Louis}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mirecourt]]
[[Category:École normale supérieure (Paris) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century French mathematicians]]
[[Category:French blind people]]
[[Category:Blind scientists]]
[[Category:French scientists with disabilities]]