Editing Independent sacramental movement

{{short description|Christian movement}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
The '''independent sacramental movement''' ('''ISM''') is a loose collection of individuals and [[Christian denomination]]s that are not part of the historic [[Sacrament|sacramental]] Christian denominations embodying [[catholicity]] (such as the [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Lutheranism|Scandinavian Lutheran churches]] and [[Anglican Communion|Anglican churches]]) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Plummer|first=John|title=The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/11/1/115/95399/ReviewReview?redirectedFrom=PDF|access-date=March 1, 2021|journal=Nova Religio|date=August 2007 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=115–116 |publisher=Newt Books|doi=10.1525/nr.2007.11.1.115 |quote=One relatively underreported segment of the incredible spiritual mosaic which is Western religious life today is the large number of small independent churches of sacramental, Catholic style and practice. Mostly of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic derivation and character, they emphasize the importance of the sacraments, and generally claim authentic apostolic succession.|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rausch |first1=Thomas P. |title=Catholicism in the Third Millennium |date=24 March 2016 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-8244-9 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref>

The term was used in 2005 by John Plummer, in ''The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement'',<ref>{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Plummer|first=John P.|title=The many paths of the independent sacramental movement: a national study of its liturgy, doctrine, and leadership|year=2006|edition=2nd|orig-year=2005|isbn=9780977146123}}</ref> and was used earlier, in 2002, by [[Richard Smoley]] in his ''Inner Christianity''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smoley |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/innerchristianit00rich |title=Inner Christianity: a guide to the esoteric tradition |publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]] |year=2002 |isbn=9781570628108 |location=Boston, MA |pages=223-4 |chapter=Symbols ans Sacraments – Esoteric Sacramentalism Today |quote=[T]here ''are'' corners of Christianity where there is more interest in the esoteric dimension of the sacraments than others. For the most part they tend to be on the fringes of Christian denominationalism, such as the "independent sacramental" movement, which is part of a larger group of denominations known as Old Catholics. These trace their origins to [[Roman Catholic]] bishops who have, for various reasons, split from the church over the centuries without losing their right to consecrate their successors. (Catholic doctrine, articulated by [[Augustine]], holds that a bishop may still hold [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|valid]] [[apostolic succession]] even if he disagrees with the papacy on doctrinal matters.) One of many such branches traces its origins to the [[Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands|Dutch Old Catholics]], founded in the seventeenth century; an older branch, in southern India, [[Saint Thomas Christians|claims to go back to the Apostle Thomas]], who is said to have settled in that region. Around the turn of the twentieth century, two bishops in these lines began to consecrate a number of men in the same lineage, giving rise to many tiny independent sacramental movements. Some of these have laid claim to a [[Gnostic]] heritage, including the French Église Gnostique Universelle, led by Papus, and in contemporary America, the Ecclesia Gnostica in Hollywood, California, led by Stephan A. Hoeller, an independent bishop whose teachings combine the insights of [[C. G. Jung]] with those of the ancient Gnostics. |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement, which was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially [[Arnold Harris Mathew]], [[Aftimios Ofiesh]], [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], and [[Joseph René Vilatte]]. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely related [[Independent Catholic]] movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality.<ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>{{rp|152}}

== Characteristics ==
Many denominations within the movement originated from [[schism]]s with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the [[Historical episcopate|historic episcopate]] or [[apostolic succession]],<ref name=":0" /> though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of [[Holy See|Rome]], [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches]], and the [[Church of England]].<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html Paragraph 17] of ''[[Dominus Iesus]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717194934/https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|archive-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=February 15, 2021|website=The Blade|language=en|quote=It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>{{rp|202-208}}

Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]], "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches]]), [[Liberal Catholic Church|Liberal Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church#Churches not in communion with other churches|Autocephalous Orthodox]], Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or ''[[Episcopus vagans|episcopi vagantes]]'' in the case of their bishops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes|url=https://ecumenism.net/denom/independent.php|access-date=December 25, 2020|website=ecumenism.net}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis 2018">{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=978-1-949643-02-2|location=Berkeley CA}}</ref>{{rp|152}}

== See also ==

* [[Continuing Anglican movement]]
* [[Continuing church]]
* [[True Orthodox church]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|editor-last=Bate|editor-first=Alistair|title=A Strange vocation: independent bishops tell their stories|year=2009|isbn=9781933993751}}
*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Houston|first=Siobhán|title=Priests, gnostics & magicians: European roots of esoteric independent Catholicism|year=2009|isbn=9781933993683}}
*{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=978-1-949643-02-2|location=Berkeley CA}}
*{{cite book|title=Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|location=Berkeley CA|isbn=9781949643022}}
*{{cite book|title=Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2019|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|location=Berkeley CA|isbn=9781949643237}}
*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Jones|first=Rob Angus|title=Independent sacramental bishops: ordination, authority, lineage, and validity|year=2010|isbn=9781933993836}}
*{{cite book |last=Plummer |first=John P. |date=2004 |title=The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement|location=Berkeley CA |publisher=The Apocryphile Press |isbn=0-9771461-2-X}}
*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last=Plummer|first=John P.|title=Living mysteries: a practical handbook for the independent priest|year=2010|edition=3rd|isbn=9781933993935}}
*{{cite book|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=Apocryphile Press|last1=Plummer|first1=John P.|last2=Mabry|first2=John R.|title=Who are the independent Catholics?: an introduction to the independent and Old Catholic churches|year=2006|isbn=9781933993003}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |location=Detroit |publisher=Apogee Books |encyclopedia= |editor1-last=Ward |editor1-first=Gary L. |editor2-last=Persson |editor2-first=Bertil |editor3-last=Bain |editor3-first=Alan |year=1990 |isbn=155888307X |title=Independent Bishops: An International Directory}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.independentsacramental.org Independent Sacramental]

[[Category:Christian movements]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]