Editing Fellowship of Friends

{{Short description|California-based religious organization}}
{{distinguish|Society of friends}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Fellowship of Friends
| logo                = 
| formation           = January 1, 1970
| founder             = Robert Earl Burton
| type                = [[New religious movement]]
| status              = [[Nonprofit organization|Non-profit]] [[religious corporation]]
| headquarters        = [[Oregon House, California|Oregon House]], [[California|CA]], USA
| membership          = Over 1,500
| membership_year     = 2022
| region_served       = [[California]], USA
| affiliations        = [[International Council of Community Churches|ICCC]]
| language            = English
| website             = {{URL|https://livingpresence.com}}
}}
[[File:Robert Earl Burton, founder of the Fellowship of Friends.jpg|thumb|upright|Robert Earl Burton, the founder of the Fellowship of Friends]]

The '''Fellowship of Friends''', also known as '''Living Presence''' and the '''Fourth Way School''', is a [[New religious movement|new religious]] organization which is [[non-denominational]] that has been labelled  as a [[cult]] by critics, ex-members and some academics.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 | p=1 | q=Disillusioned former members say the fellowship is more than just another California curiosity. A growing number of them--as well as some academics--call it a cult that entraps its mostly well-educated members with a false promise of spiritual evolution. ... Margaret Singer, a professor emeritus of psychology at UC Berkeley and a cult expert, said the fellowship uses techniques common to many cults. Veneration of a single living leader, authoritarian structure and intensive control of members’ lives fit the classic profile, she said. “They look for people who are a bit lonely or needy and they shower them with love, making them feel special,” said Singer, who has tracked the fellowship and talked with many alumni. “From there, the control and manipulation happen one step at a time.” }}

==Membership and finances==
As of 2022, the organization had over 1,500 members, over 600 of whom live in or near the organization's 1200-acre (48 ha) compound named "Apollo" in [[Oregon House, California|Oregon House]], [[California]], United States.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 | p=1 | q=It claims 1,500 members across the globe, with about 500 to 600 in and around its compound in Oregon House. }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingpresence.com/apollo/|title=Apollo – Living Presence|date=6 June 2017 }}</ref> Members also reside in North and South America, Europe and Asia.<ref name=LAT_1996-11-04/>

Members are generally expected to [[tithe]] 10% of their income to the organization.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 | LAT_1996-11-04 }} In 1994, the organization's chief financial officer stated that the organization had a yearly income of greater than $5 million.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 }}  Their total assets were estimated at around $26 million in 1996.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 }} In 1996, the organization auctioned its collection of over 100 pieces of antique Chinese furniture, held under the [[Museum of Classical Chinese Furniture]], at [[Christie's]], and received $11.2 million for it.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 }}<ref name=NYT_1996-09-20 >{{ cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/20/arts/11.2-million-for-chinese-furniture.html | title=$11.2 Million for Chinese Furniture | last= | first= | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=1996-09-06 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/06/arts/learning-to-love-furniture-from-china.html | title=Learning to Love Furniture From China | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=1996-10-06 }}</ref>

==Legal status==
The Fellowship of Friends is registered as a 501(c)(3) California non-profit church organization and is a member of the [[International Council of Community Churches]] (ICCC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livingpresence.com/fellowship-of-friends/|title=Fellowship of Friends – Living Presence|date=6 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Beliefs and doctrine==
The organization was founded in 1970 by Robert Earl Burton as a [[Fourth Way]] group based on the teachings of early 20th century Russian philosophers [[George Gurdjieff]] (d. 1949) and his disciple [[P. D. Ouspensky|Peter Ouspensky]], but presently incorporates additional [[Western esotericism|esoteric beliefs]] not directly connected with the Fourth Way system.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 }}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://livingpresence.com/the-tradition-of-schools/ | title=The Tradition of Schools – Living Presence | date=9 June 2017 }}</ref>

Members believe that most people normally exist in a state of "waking sleep," and that the way to a higher consciousness is through self-awareness, a positive attitude, and engagement in the fine arts.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 | NYT_2022-06-16 }}

Burton considers one of his roles as a conduit for teaching ideas communicated to him by 44 beings he calls angels, who are the immortal spirits of men who have achieved awakening, including [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], Jesus Christ, [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Plato]], and [[Walt Whitman]].{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 | NYT_2022-06-16 }}

This mission is twofold: to create the seed of a new civilization after the catastrophic doom that Burton has predicted since the early days of the organization, though the dates have been changed as each prediction has not been fulfilled, and to create consciousness in the members of the organization.

It is unrelated to the [[Society of friends|"Society of Friends" (aka Quakers)]], a religious group founded in the 1600s in the [[Midlands|English Midlands]] and any similarities are purely coincidental.

== Renaissance Vineyard and Winery ==
From 1982 to 2015 the organization operated Renaissance Vineyard and Winery at the Apollo settlement. The vineyard was planted with advice from viticultural consultant Karl Werner, who married a Fellowship of Friends member and became a member himself. The Fellowship obtained designation of the North Yuba [[American Viticultural Area]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vinography.com/archives/2015/07/lost_treasures_in_the_sierra_f.html |title=Lost Treasures in the Sierra Foothills: The Wines of Renaissance Vineyards |website=Vinography |date=July 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=SFC_2018-08-23>{{cite news |author=Esther Mobley |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/article/The-lost-civilization-of-California-wine-13174708.php |title=How a California cult created one of the country's great wineries — and then lost it |date=August 23, 2018 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Esther Mobley |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/article/The-original-cult-wine-13175429.php?psid=592X7|title=The original 'cult' wine: How I discovered California's strangest vineyard |date=August 23, 2018|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle }}</ref>

== Criticisms ==
In lawsuits that were settled out of court, two former members sued Burton, in 1984 and 1996 alleging that Burton used his position to sexually prey upon young men.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 }}{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 | p=1 | q=“Burton would kiss [Troy Buzbee] on the forehead, which he said represented the seat of the soul and then instruct [Buzbee] to ‘separate’ from his body and just ‘let go,’ ” said the suit, which alleged the sexual encounters continued for more than five years and that Burton had sex with other young men. ... Numerous other ex-members have told similar stories in open letters to the membership and to each other, in newspaper accounts and in interviews with The Times. }}  About 100 members left the group after each of these allegations.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 }} Numerous other members have shared similar stories of Burton's activities.{{ r | LAT_1996-11-04 | p=1 | q=“Burton would kiss [Troy Buzbee] on the forehead, which he said represented the seat of the soul and then instruct [Buzbee] to ‘separate’ from his body and just ‘let go,’ ” said the suit, which alleged the sexual encounters continued for more than five years and that Burton had sex with other young men. ... Numerous other ex-members have told similar stories in open letters to the membership and to each other, in newspaper accounts and in interviews with The Times. }}

Burton has also been criticized for having a lavish lifestyle and for false prophecies.<ref name=LAT_1996-11-04>{{cite news |author=Jenifer Warren |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-04-mn-61189-story.html|title=Trouble Taints a Cerebral Sanctuary |date=November 4, 1996 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | quote=Apollo is the worldwide headquarters of the Fellowship of Friends, whose 2,000 cerebral members believe that keen self-awareness, a positive outlook and immersion in life’s finest things--from Baccarat crystal to Johann Sebastian Bach--offer a path to higher consciousness. They have been led on this journey for 25 years by Robert Earl Burton, a former schoolteacher who has guided everything from when his followers bear children to what sort of shoes they wear. Burton tells members he speaks with 44 angels who watch over his flock--among them Abraham Lincoln, Plato and Jesus Christ--believers say. Burton also has predicted that Apollo will be the lone surviving outpost after a global nuclear holocaust in 2006. Disillusioned former members say the fellowship is more than just another California curiosity. A growing number of them--as well as some academics--call it a cult that entraps its mostly well-educated members with a false promise of spiritual evolution. A recently ended lawsuit and accounts from ex-members echo that claim and add another: Burton, they say, has for years seduced young males in the group.}}</ref> "Burton also has predicted that Apollo will be the lone surviving outpost after a global nuclear holocaust in 2006. Disillusioned former members say the fellowship is more than just another California curiosity. A growing number of them--as well as some academics--call it a cult that entraps its mostly well-educated members with a false promise of spiritual evolution."<ref name="LAT_1996-11-04" />

In 2006, an attendee at a Fellowship of Friends prospective student meeting wrote a report of his experience and posted it on a [[WordPress.com|WordPress]] site.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-04-16|title=Fellowship of Friends – a cult for intellectuals|url=https://animamrecro.wordpress.com/2006/04/16/fellowship-of-friends-a-cult-for-intellectuals/|access-date=2023-01-18|website=Animam Recro|language=en}}{{user-generated inline|date=August 2022}}</ref> This became a focus for many former members to air their views, and led to a lively discussion of the practices of the organization and its founder. It has passed through a number of moderators and platforms, and continues to exist as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellowship of Friends - Living Presence Discussion|url=https://fofdiscussion.wordpress.com/|access-date=2023-01-18|website=Fellowship of Friends - Living Presence Discussion|language=en}}{{user-generated inline|date=August 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, Jennings Brown, an independent reporter, created a series of Podcasts on the Revelations site hosted by Spotify that are the result of an extensive investigation into the Fellowship of Friends.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/show/2bJD2GgwlPxF2UFVS1h84c | title=Revelations | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>

In 2022, a lawsuit was filed against [[Google]] and its staffing firm Advanced Systems Group (ASG) which alleged that Fellowship of Friends members used the contracting agency as an easier way to hire others from the same group without the normal scrutiny applied to full-time Google hires.<ref name=NYT_2022-06-16>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/technology/google-fellowship-of-friends-sect.html | title=How a Religious Sect Landed Google in a Lawsuit | newspaper=The New York Times | date=16 June 2022 | last1=Metz | first1=Cade | last2=Wakabayashi | first2=Daisuke }}</ref> In the suit, Kevin Lloyd, a former Google video producer, alleges he was fired because he complained about the influence of the religious group in his business unit.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 }}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@kwilliamlloyd/the-cult-in-google-3c1a910214d1 | title=The Cult in Google | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> The suit alleges that Google Developer Studio (GDS), which makes videos promoting the company's products, is run by Peter Lubbers, a Fellowship of Friends member who used his position to hire many members of the group and their relatives, and to feed some of Google's spending on video production to the group.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 }} In a similar lawsuit from 2008, Lynn Noyes was awarded $6.5 million in damages from [[Kelly Services]] for failing to promote her because she was not part of the Fellowship.{{ r | NYT_2022-06-16 | p=1 | q=M. Catherine Jones, Mr. Lloyd’s lawyer, won a similar suit against Kelly Services in 2008 on behalf of Lynn Noyes, who claimed that the company had failed to promote her because she was not a member of the Fellowship. A California court awarded Ms. Noyes $6.5 million in damages.}} Lloyd settled his lawsuit against ASG in December 2022, with terms undisclosed; Google confirmed at that time that Lubbers was no longer employed at the company, without explaining his departure.<ref name="nytimes-2022-12-20">{{cite news |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |title=Ex-Google Contractor Settles Lawsuit Over Religious Sect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/technology/google-contractor-lawsuit-fellowship-of-friends.html?action=click&algo=bandit-all-surfaces-time-cutoff-30_impression_cut_3_filter_new_arm_5_1&alpha=0.05&block=more_in_recirc&fellback=false&imp_id=455500189&impression_id=56f3c307-82e9-11ed-8398-2b2ebb923c26&index=4&pgtype=Article&pool=more_in_pools%2Ftechnology&region=footer&req_id=853684706&surface=eos-more-in&variant=0_bandit-all-surfaces-time-cutoff-30_impression_cut_3_filter_new_arm_5_1 |access-date=December 23, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* ''Self-Remembering'' (1995) by Robert E. Burton, Weiser Books, {{ISBN|0-877-28844-5}}
* ''Awakening'' (2017) by Robert E. Burton, Fellowship of Friends, {{ISBN|978-0692752913}}
* ''Taking with the Left Hand: Enneagram Craze, People of the Bookmark, and the Mouravieff Phenomenon'' (1998) by William Patrick Patterson, edited by Barbara Allen Patterson. Arete Communications, {{ISBN|1-879514-10-9}}
* ''Deadly Cults: The Crimes of True Believers'' (2003) by Robert L. Snow, Praeger Publishers, {{ISBN|978-0275980528}}
* ''Gurdjieffian Groups in Britain'' by James Moore, "Religion Today" (1986), Volume 3(2), pp.&nbsp;1–4
* ''The Fourth Way and Inner Transformation'' by Theodore Nottingham (1991), "Gnosis", No. 20, p.&nbsp;22
* ''Masterpieces from the Museum of Classical Chinese Furniture'' (1995) by [[Wang Shixiang]] and [[Curtis Evarts]], Chinese Art Foundation, London and San Francisco, {{ISBN|1-883662-02-8}}

== External links ==
* [http://livingpresence.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.renaissancewinery.com/ Renaissance Vineyard and Winery]

[[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1970s]]