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{{Short description|Capital and largest city in Massachusetts, United States}} {{About|the U.S. city}} {{Featured article}} {{Use American English|date=September 2013}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Boston | settlement_type = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] | etymology = | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/1/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = Boston - panoramio (23).jpg | alt1 = Boston Harbor | caption1 = [[Downtown Boston]] from [[Boston Harbor]] | image2 = Boston - Old State House (48718568688).jpg | alt2 = Old State House | caption2 = [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]] | image3 = ISH WC Boston4.jpg | alt3 = Brick rowhouses along Acorn Street | caption3 = Acorn Street, [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] | image4 = Boston -Massachusetts State House (48718911666).jpg | alt4 = Massachusetts State House | caption4 = [[Massachusetts State House]] | image5 = Fenway Park night game.JPG | alt5 = Fenway Park ballgame at night | caption5 = [[Fenway Park]] during a [[Boston Red Sox]] game | image6 = Boston skyline from Longfellow Bridge September 2017 panorama 2.jpg | alt6 = Back Bay from Charles River | caption6 = [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] from the [[Charles River]] }} | imagesize = 300px | image_flag = Flag of Boston.svg | image_shield = | image_seal = Seal of Boston, Massachusetts.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | image_blank_emblem = Wordmark of Boston, Massachusetts.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_type = Wordmark | nicknames = ''Bean Town, Title Town, [[Nicknames of Boston|others]]'' | motto = {{force singular}} {{lang|la|Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis}} ([[Latin]])<br />"As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us" | mapframe = yes | mapframe-point = none | pushpin_map = Boston Metro#Massachusetts#USA#Earth | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Boston | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{Coord|42|21|37|N|71|3|28|W|region:US-MA_type:city(654,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of the United States|Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]] | subdivision_type4 = Historic countries | subdivision_type5 = [[Colony|Historic colonies]] | subdivision_name1 = [[New England]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Massachusetts]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=sec.state.ma.us |publisher=[[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406103933/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ---- | subdivision_name4 = [[Kingdom of England]]<br />[[Commonwealth of England]]<br />[[Kingdom of Great Britain]] | subdivision_name5 = [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], [[Dominion of New England]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1625 | established_title2 = Incorporated (town) | established_date2 = {{longitem|September 7, 1630 (date of naming, [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]])}}<br />September 17, 1630 (date of naming, [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]){{citation needed|date=September 2025}} | established_title3 = Incorporated (city) | established_date3 = March 19, 1822 | named_for = [[Boston, Lincolnshire]] | government_type = [[Mayorβcouncil government|Strong mayor / Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Boston|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Michelle Wu]] | leader_title2 = [[Boston City Council|Council President]] | leader_name2 = [[Liz Breadon]] (D) | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] | leader_name1 = [[Boston City Council]] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 21, 2022|archive-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528021656/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 232.10 | area_total_sq_mi = 89.61 | area_land_km2 = 125.20 | area_land_sq_mi = 48.34 | area_water_km2 = 106.90 | area_water_sq_mi = 41.27 | area_urban_km2 = 4,288.7 | area_urban_sq_mi = 1,655.9 | area_metro_km2 = 11700 | area_metro_sq_mi = 4500 | area_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | area_blank1_km2 = 27600 | area_blank1_sq_mi = 10600 | elevation_ft = 46 | population_total = 675647 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|71st]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|25th]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|1st]] in Massachusetts | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bostoncitymassachusetts/PST045222|title=QuickFacts: Boston city, Massachusetts|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 21, 2023|archive-date=February 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216045737/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bostoncitymassachusetts/PST045222|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_est = 673,458 {{loss}} | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_density_sq_mi = 13976.98 | population_density_km2 = 5396.51 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_metro = 4941632 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|10th]]) | population_urban = 4,382,009 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|10th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,021.8 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,646.3 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Bostonian | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=MSA GDP |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCI0Il0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyIyNTAwMCIsIjMzMDAwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyIyNTAwOSIsIjI1MDE3IiwiMjUwMjEiLCIyNTAyMyIsIjI1MDI1IiwiMzMwMTUiLCIzMzAxNyJdXSxbIlN0YXRpc3RpYyIsWyIzIl1dLFsiVW5pdF9vZl9tZWFzdXJlIiwiTGV2ZWxzIl0sWyJZZWFyIixbIjIwMjQiLCIyMDIzIiwiMjAyMiIsIjIwMjEiLCIyMDIwIiwiMjAxOSJdXSxbIlllYXJCZWdpbiIsIi0xIl0sWyJZZWFyX0VuZCIsIi0xIl1dfQ== |website=apps.bea.gov}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Metro | demographics2_info1 = $644.814 billion (2024) | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{Collapsible list |title=53 ZIP Codes<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIP Code Lookup β Search By City |url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=September 3, 2007 |access-date=April 20, 2009 |publisher=United States Postal Service}}</ref> |02108β02137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203β02206, 02210β02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02126, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283β02284, 02293, 02295, 02297β02298, 02467 (also includes parts of Newton and Brookline)}} | area_code = [[Area codes 617 and 857|617 and 857]] | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area codes]] | website = {{URL|https://boston.gov}} | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | utc_offset = β5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = β4 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 25-07000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:617565 617565] | elevation_m = 14 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic Names Information System |url=https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/617565 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=edits.nationalmap.gov |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505205944/https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/617565 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''Boston''' ({{IPAc-en|b|Ι|s|t|Ιn}}) is the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|most populous city]] of the U.S. state of [[Massachusetts]]. It serves as a cultural and [[Financial centre|financial center]] of [[New England]], a region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. Boston has an area of {{convert|48.4|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770 |title=Boston by the Numbers: Land Area and Use |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority |access-date=September 21, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825134447/http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770 |archive-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> and a population of 675,647 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], making it the third-most populous city in the Northeastern United States after [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="QuickFacts" /> The larger [[Greater Boston]] metropolitan statistical area had a population of 4.9 million in 2023, making it the largest metropolitan area in New England and the [[Metropolitan statistical area|eleventh-largest]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="BostonMetroPopulation">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114755/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2017 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OMB Bulletin No. 20-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf |publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]] |access-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420165403/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |date=March 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}<!-- exact archive date is only specified as January 2021, see https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/archived-websites -->{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213085551/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2017 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Boston was founded on [[Shawmut Peninsula]] in 1630 by English [[Puritans|Puritan]] settlers, who named the city after the market town of [[Boston, Lincolnshire]] in England.<ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=Banner |first=David |title=Boston History β The History of Boston, Massachusetts |url=http://www.searchboston.com/articles/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315031352/http://www.searchboston.com/articles/history.html |archive-date=March 15, 2009 |access-date=April 20, 2009 |publisher=SearchBoston}}</ref>{{sfn|Kennedy|1994|pp=11β12}} During the [[American Revolution]] and [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], Boston was home to several seminal events, including the [[Boston Massacre]] (1770), the [[Boston Tea Party]] (1773), [[Paul Revere's midnight ride]] (1775), the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] (1775), and the [[Siege of Boston]] (1775β1776). Following American independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], Boston played an important national role as a port, manufacturing hub, and education and culture center,<ref name="AboutBoston">{{Cite web |title=About Boston |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp |access-date=May 1, 2016 |publisher=City of Boston |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093243/http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Morris|2005|p=8}} and the city expanded significantly beyond the original [[Boston Neck|peninsula]] by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the nation's first public park ([[Boston Common]], 1634),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Common {{!}} The Freedom Trail |url=https://www.thefreedomtrail.org/trail-sites/boston-common |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=www.thefreedomtrail.org}}</ref> the first [[state school|public school]] ([[Boston Latin School]], 1635),<ref name="BPS">{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2007 |title=BPS at a Glance |url=http://www.boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp#students |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007 |publisher=Boston Public Schools}}</ref> and the first subway system ([[Tremont Street subway]], 1897).{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=42}} Boston later emerged as a global leader in higher education and research<ref name="AcademicRanking2">{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2016 |title=World Reputation Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only |access-date=May 12, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612000603/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only |url-status=live }}</ref> and is the largest [[biotechnology]] hub in the world as of 2023.<ref name="BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld">{{cite web|url=https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub|title=Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World|publisher=EPM Scientific|date=February 2023|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-date=March 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304151219/https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in [[innovation]], [[entrepreneurship]],<ref name="VentureCapitalBoston1">{{Cite web |title=Venture Investment β Regional Aggregate Data |url=http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104240/http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/ |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2016 |publisher=National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref><ref name="Kirsner">{{Cite news |last=Kirsner |first=Scott |date=July 20, 2010 |title=Boston is #1 ... But will we hold on to the top spot? β Innovation Economy |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html |access-date=August 30, 2010 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222353/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/ |title=Innovation that Matters 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=US Chamber of Commerce |access-date=December 7, 2016 |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406112510/https://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name="BostonAIHub">{{cite web |title=Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution |url=https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution |publisher=VentureFizz |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2023 |quote=Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process. |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109083203/https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution |url-status=dead }}</ref> Boston's economy is led by [[financial centre|finance]],<ref name="BostonFinance">[https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805061330/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf|date=August 5, 2019}} Accessed October 7, 2018.</ref> professional and business services, [[information technology]], and government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2011 |title=The Boston Economy in 2010 |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications/TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730182721/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |access-date=March 5, 2013 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority}}</ref> Boston households provide the highest average rate of [[philanthropy]] in the nation as of 2013,<ref name="transfer of wealth">{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Transfer of Wealth in Boston |url=https://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth%20Transfer%20Report%202013.pdf |access-date=December 6, 2015 |publisher=[[The Boston Foundation]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412072452/https://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth |url-status=live }}</ref> and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental [[sustainability]] and new investment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Boston Ranked Most Energy-Efficient City in the US |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332 |access-date=December 6, 2015 |publisher=City Government of Boston |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070518/https://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Etymology == [[Isaac Johnson (colonist)|Isaac Johnson]]βin one of his last official acts as leader of the [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] community before his death on September 30, 1630βnamed the new settlement across the [[Charles River|river]] "Boston" after Johnson's hometown of [[Boston, Lincolnshire]], from where he, his wife (namesake of the ''[[Arbella]]''), and [[John Cotton (minister)|John Cotton]] (grandfather of [[Cotton Mather]]) [[Puritan migration to New England (1620β1640)|emigrated]]. The name of the English town derives from its patron saint, [[Botolph of Thorney|St. Botolph]], in [[St Botolph's Church, Boston|whose church]] Cotton served as the rector until he and Johnson emigrated to [[New England]]. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", which was later abbreviated as "Boston". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula was known as "Shawmut" by [[William Blaxton]] and "Tremontaine" by the Puritan settlers he invited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/boston-massachusetts|title=Boston|date=March 13, 2019|website=HISTORY|access-date=May 13, 2024|archive-date=May 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513005303/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/boston-massachusetts|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DNB1">{{DNB |wstitle= Johnson, Isaac |volume= 30 |last= Goodwin |first= Gordon |author-link= |page= 15 |short= 1}}</ref><ref name="Weston">Weston, George F. ''Boston Ways: High, By & Folk'', Beacon Press: Beacon Hill, Boston, p.11β15 (1957).</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guide | Town of Boston | City of Boston |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420050502/https://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="KAY">Kay, Jane Holtz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC Lost Boston]'', Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006. {{ISBN|9781558495272}}. Cf. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC&q=botolph p.4]</ref><ref name="CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA">Thurston, H. (1907). "[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm St. Botulph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020235248/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm |date=October 20, 2022 }}." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from New Advent.</ref> == History == {{Main|History of Boston}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Boston}} === Indigenous era === Before [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]], the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the [[Massachusett]] people, who established small, seasonal communities in present-day Boston.<ref name="jplains">{{cite web |title=Native Americans in Jamaica Plain |date=April 10, 2005 |url=https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210220202/https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html |archive-date=December 10, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |publisher=Jamaica Plains Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="nariver">{{cite web |title=The Native Americans' River |url=http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711052312/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |publisher=Harvard College}}</ref> In 1630, settlers led by [[John Winthrop]] arrived, and found [[Shawmut Peninsula]] nearly empty of Native people. Most had died of European diseases borne by earlier settlers and traders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilis |first=Madeline |date=September 15, 2016 |title=TBT: The Village of Shawmut Becomes Boston |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/ |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=Boston Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218230445/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Neponset Band of the Indigenous Massachusett Tribe β The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag |url=https://massachusetttribe.org/the-history-of-the-neponset |access-date=December 18, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218230446/https://massachusetttribe.org/the-history-of-the-neponset |url-status=live }}</ref> Archaeological excavations have unearthed one of the oldest [[Fishing weir|fishweirs]] in New England, located on [[Boylston Street]], which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name="jplains" /><ref name="nariver" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Chickataubut |url=https://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611090719/http://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |publisher=The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag}}</ref> === European settlement === The first European to live in what would become Boston was a [[University of Cambridge]]-educated [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] cleric named [[William Blaxton]]. He was most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by [[Puritans|Puritan]] colonists in 1630, after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, [[Isaac Johnson (colonist)|Isaac Johnson]], to cross [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] from the failing colony of [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] and share the peninsula with him. In September 1630 Puritans made the crossing to present-day Boston.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |title=English University Men Who Emigrated to New England Before 1646: An Advanced Printing of Appendix B to the History of Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1932 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |title=The Founding of Harvard College |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1963 |orig-year=1935 |lccn=35004941 |location=Cambridge, Mass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banks |first=Charles Edward |title=Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620β1650 |publisher=The Bertram press |year=1937 |pages=96}}</ref> Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 [[Cambridge Agreement]], which created the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and was signed by the colony's first governor, [[John Winthrop]]. Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the city's early history. In 1635, America's first public school, [[Boston Latin School]], was founded in Boston.<ref name="BPS" />{{sfn|Christopher|2006|p=46}} Boston was the largest town in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] until [[Philadelphia]] outgrew it in the mid-18th century.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title="Growth" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s |url=http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723034439/http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013 |publisher=Boston History & Innovation Collaborative |page=2}}</ref> Boston's [[shore|oceanfront location]] made it a lively [[port]], and the town engaged in [[shipping]] and fishing during the colonial era. Boston was a primary stop on the [[Caribbean]] [[trade route]] and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of [[Boston baked beans]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2023 |title=Boston |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston |access-date=April 23, 2023 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403210855/https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the American Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia both surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other New England cities were growing rapidly.<ref name="newamernation">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Robert W. |title=Encyclopedia of the New American Nation |year=2005 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |isbn=978-0684313467 |edition=1st |location=Detroit, MI |pages=214β219}}</ref><ref name="empireontheedge">{{cite book |last=Bunker |first=Nick |title=An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America |date=2014 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0307594846}}</ref> ===American Revolution and Siege of Boston === {{Main|Boston campaign|Siege of Boston}} [[File:Boston Tea Party w.jpg|thumb|In 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the [[East India Company]] into [[Boston Harbor]] in protest of the [[Tea Act]] in the [[Boston Tea Party]], a seminal event that escalated the [[American Revolution]].]] [[File:Boston, 1775bsmall1.png|thumb|alt=Map of Boston in 1775|Map showing a [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British]] tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775]] {{Quote box |quote=The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. |align=right |width=30% |author=[[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe]] |source=in a letter to [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth]], about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Henry B. |url=https://archive.org/details/battlesofuniteds01daws_0 |title=Battles of the United States, by sea and land: embracing those of the Revolutionary and Indian Wars, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War; with important official documents |year=1858 |publisher=Johnson, Fry & Company |location=New York, NY}}</ref> }} Boston played a central role in the [[American Revolution]]. Many crucial events of the American Revolution and subsequent [[American Revolutionary War]] occurred in or near Boston, where the city's revolutionary spirit{{sfn|Morris|2005|p=7}} against [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]'s [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]] governance was demonstrable and ultimately inspiring to the rest of the [[Thirteen Colonies]].<ref name="newamernation" /> When the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] passed the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]] in 1765, the homes of [[Andrew Oliver]], the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]], then lieutenant governor of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], were raved by Boston mobs.<ref name="newamernation" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Edmund S. |date=1946 |title=Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=459β492 |doi=10.2307/361566 |jstor=361566|issn = 0028-4866}}</ref> The British responded by sending two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the revolt, but the increased British military presence in Boston only ended up further inflaming the Boston colonists. In 1770, during the [[Boston Massacre]], [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British troops]] fired into a Boston mob that was protesting their presence. The massacre forced the British to withdraw their troops and helped fuel revolutionary sentiment in the colonies.<ref name="empireontheedge" /> In May 1773, Parliament passed the [[Tea Act]], which many colonists saw as a British attempt to compel them to accept taxes established by the [[Townshend Acts]]. This led to the [[Boston Tea Party]], a defining event of the American Revolution in which angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent from the [[East India Company]] into [[Boston Harbor]], escalating the American Revolution. The British monarchy responded furiously, implementing the [[Intolerable Acts]] and demanding compensation for the tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party.<ref name="newamernation" /> This response, in turn, angered the colonists further, leading to the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] on April 19, 1775, the first battles of the [[American Revolutionary War]], which were fought around Boston in Massachusetts Bay Colony.<ref name="newamernation" /><ref name="frothingham">{{cite book |last=Frothingham |first=Richard Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ |title=History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill |publisher=Little and Brown |year=1851 |access-date=May 21, 2018 |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[siege of Boston]] from April 19, 1775, to March 17, 1776, New England-based [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] militia impeded movement by the [[British Army]]. [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|Sir William Howe]], then commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown in present-day Boston during the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] during which the British Army outnumbered Patriot militia. But the British sustained irreplaceable casualties, turning the Battle of Bunker Hill into a [[pyrrhic victory]] for the British. The Battle of Bunker Hill also demonstrated the skill and training of the Patriot militia, whose stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering even further casualties.<ref name="allemn">{{cite book |last=French |first=Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C |title=The Siege of Boston |publisher=Macmillan |year=1911 |ref=French |author-link=Allen French}}</ref><ref name="1776book">{{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |title=1776 |title-link=1776 (book) |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> On June 14, 1775, in an effort to unify the Revolutionary War effort, the [[Second Continental Congress]], convening in the colonial-era capital of [[Philadelphia]], founded the [[Continental Army]] and unanimously appointed [[George Washington]] as its commander-in-chief. Washington then immediately departed Philadelphia for Boston, where he arrived on July 2, 1775, and led the newly-formed Continental Army in the siege. Fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes, and the Continental Army faced challenges with a deficiency of munitions and supplies. [[Boston Neck]], then narrow and only approximately 100 feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, which led to a prolonged stalemate between the Continental Army and British forces. A young officer, [[Rufus Putnam]], came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood, which were erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised the effort, which successfully installed the fortifications and dozens of cannons on [[Dorchester Heights]] that [[Henry Knox]] laboriously brought through the snow from [[Fort Ticonderoga]]. The following morning, the astonished British Army awoke to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his British Army could have done in six months. The British Army responded by attempting to launch a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shots could not reach the Continental Army's cannons at such a height. The British then gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away from Boston in what has come to be known as "[[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|Evacuation Day]]", which is now celebrated in Boston annually on March 17. After the British retreat, Washington was so impressed with the effort of Rufus Putnam that he appointed him as his chief engineer.<ref name="frothingham" /><ref name="allemn" /><ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 45β8, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref> === Post-revolution and the War of 1812 === [[File:Old State House and State Street, Boston 1801.jpg|thumb|[[State Street (Boston)|State Street]] in 1801]] After the Revolution, Boston's long [[seafaring]] tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], which was adopted during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and the [[War of 1812]]. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994|p=46}} During this period, Boston also flourished culturally. It was admired for its [[Classic book|rarefied literary life]] and generous [[the arts|artistic patronage]].<ref name="BosLitHist">{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Home page |url=http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com |access-date=May 22, 2012 |website=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History |publisher=The Trustees of Boston College |format=Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045450/http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BosLitHistMap">{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2012 |title=An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794β1862 |url=http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf |access-date=May 22, 2012 |website=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History |publisher=The Trustees of Boston College |format=Exhibition |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025723/http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of old Boston families, later dubbed "[[Boston Brahmin]]s", came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994|p=44}} They are often associated with the [[American upper class]], [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity |first=Julia |last=B. Rosenbaum |year=2006 |isbn=9780801444708 |page=45 |publisher=Cornell University Press |quote=By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.}}</ref> and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930 |first=Peter |last=C. Holloran |year=1989 |isbn=9780838632970 |page=73 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism |first=Gillis |last=J. Harp |year=2003 |isbn=9780742571983 |page=13 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref> Boston was a prominent port of the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in the [[New England Colonies]], but was soon overtaken by [[Salem, Massachusetts]], and [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilworth |first=Richardson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28 |title=Cities in American Political History |date=September 13, 2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780872899117 |page=28 |access-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010051/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston eventually became a center of the [[Abolitionism in the United States|American abolitionist movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2007 |title=Boston African American National Historic Site |url=https://www.nps.gov/boaf/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2007 |publisher=National Park Service |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003641/http://www.nps.gov/boaf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city reacted largely negatively to the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fugitive Slave Law |url=http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm |access-date=May 2, 2009 |publisher=The Massachusetts Historical Society |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027215133/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> contributing to President [[Franklin Pierce]]'s attempt to make an example of Boston after [[Anthony Burns]]'s attempt to escape to freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Trial" of Anthony Burns |url=http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm |access-date=May 2, 2009 |publisher=The Massachusetts Historical Society |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922215411/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2004 |title=150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case |url=http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520121923/http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html |archive-date=May 20, 2008 |access-date=May 2, 2009 |publisher=Suffolk University}}</ref> In 1822,<ref name=AboutBoston/> the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the [[Boston City Charter|charter incorporating the city.]]<ref name="city charter">{{Cite book |last1=State Street Trust Company |url=https://archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt |title=Boston: one hundred years a city |last2=Walton Advertising |last3=Printing Company |publisher=State Street Trust Company |year=1922 |volume=2 |location=Boston |format=TXT |access-date=April 20, 2009 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only {{cvt|4.8|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="city charter" /> === 19th century === [[File:Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It.jpg|thumb|''Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It'', an 1860 photograph by [[James Wallace Black]], the first recorded aerial photograph]] In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]]. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]; by 1850, about 35,000 [[History of Irish Americans in Boston|Irish lived in Boston]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/murder-bostons-immigrant-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184015/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=May 4, 2007 |publisher=WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience)}}</ref> In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, [[Germans]], [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], Syrians,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032711/http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |access-date=January 7, 2009 |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> [[French Canadians]], and [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]] settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. [[Italians]] became the largest inhabitants of the [[North End, Boston|North End]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puleo |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC |title=The Boston Italians |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8070-5036-1 |edition=illustrated |chapter=Epilogue: Today |access-date=May 16, 2009 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Irish Americans|Irish]] dominated [[South Boston]] and [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]], and [[Russians|Russian]] [[Jews]] lived in the [[West End, Boston|West End]]. [[Irish Americans|Irish]] and [[Italian Americans|Italian]] immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith, Spirituality, and Religion |url=http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/ |access-date=February 29, 2020 |publisher=American College Personnel Association |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152524/http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the [[Kennedy family|Kennedys]], [[Tip O'Neill]], and [[John F. Fitzgerald]].{{sfn|Bolino|2012|pp=285β286}} Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through [[land reclamation]] by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the 19th century created significant parts of the [[South End, Boston|South End]], the [[West End, Boston|West End]], the [[Financial District, Boston|Financial District]], and [[Chinatown, Boston|Chinatown]].<ref name="landfills">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The History of Land Fill in Boston |url=http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm |access-date=January 9, 2006 |publisher=iBoston.org |archive-date=December 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030505/http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm |url-status=live }}. Also see {{cite web |author=Howe, Jeffery |year=1996 |url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html |title=Boston: History of the Landfills |publisher=Boston College |access-date=April 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410073014/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html |archive-date=April 10, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Great Boston Fire of 1872]], workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost {{cvt|600|acres|ha|abbr=off|-1}} of brackish Charles River marshlands west of [[Boston Common]] with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of [[South Boston]] (1804), [[East Boston]] (1836), [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] (1868), [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]] (including present-day [[Mattapan]] and a portion of [[South Boston]]) (1870), [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]] (including present-day [[Allston]]) (1874), [[West Roxbury]] (including present-day [[Jamaica Plain]] and [[Roslindale]]) (1874), [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] (1874), and [[Hyde Park, Boston|Hyde Park]] (1912).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Atlas of Massachusetts |publisher=University of Massachusetts |year=1991 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holleran |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC |title=Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America |publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8018-6644-9 |page=41 |chapter=Problems with Change |access-date=August 22, 2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC |url-status=live }}</ref> Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of [[BostonβBrookline annexation debate of 1873|Brookline]], Cambridge,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 1892 |title=Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns |page=11 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html |access-date=August 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045216/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rezendes |first=Michael |date=October 13, 1991 |title=Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership |page=80 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991 |access-date=August 22, 2010 |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035734/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Estes |first1=Andrea |last2=Cafasso |first2=Ed |date=September 9, 1991 |title=Flynn offers to annex Chelsea |page=1 |work=[[Boston Herald]] |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea |access-date=August 22, 2010 |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9,+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea |url-status=dead}}</ref> === 20th century === [[File:Haymarket Square.JPG|alt=Colored print image of a city square in the 1900s|thumb|[[Haymarket Square (Boston)|Haymarket Square]] in 1909]] Many architecturally significant buildings were built during the early years of the 20th century: [[Horticultural Hall, Boston, Massachusetts|Horticultural Hall]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2016 |title=Horticultural Hall, Boston - Lost New England |newspaper=Lost New England |url=https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/ |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083542/https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Tennis and Racquet Club]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R) |url=http://tandr.org/ |website=The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R) |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120223258/http://tandr.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum |url=https://www.gardnermuseum.org/ |website=www.gardnermuseum.org |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405144803/https://www.gardnermuseum.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Photos |url=https://www.bostoncentral.com/isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-photos |website=BostonCentral |access-date=October 28, 2024 |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202104526/https://www.bostoncentral.com/isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-photos |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fenway Studios]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fenway Studios |url=https://fenwaystudios.org/ |website=fenwaystudios.org |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235011/https://fenwaystudios.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jordan Hall (Boston)|Jordan Hall]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan Hall History |url=https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall |website=necmusic.edu |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511042514/https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Boston Opera House (1909)|Boston Opera House]]. The [[Longfellow Bridge]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2013 |title=How the Longfellow Bridge Got its Name |url=https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/ |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065319/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> built in 1906, was mentioned by [[Robert McCloskey]] in ''[[Make Way for Ducklings]]'', describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Boston Discovery Guide |title=Make Way for Ducklings |url=https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224075716/https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fenway Park]], home of the [[Boston Red Sox]], opened in 1912,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Fenway Park |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Fenway-Park |access-date=May 3, 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206234415/https://www.britannica.com/place/Fenway-Park |url-status=live }}</ref> with the [[Boston Garden]] opening in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Bruins History |url=https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history |publisher=Boston Bruins |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201205300/https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Logan International Airport]] opened on September 8, 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm |title=Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport : A history |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=September 21, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503173451/http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2003}}</ref> Kennedy Sr. had this to say before the Boston Chamber of Commerce on November 15, 1934: "The rogues who seek to live by deception-let me again repeat, the act is like all legal rules, subject to the limitations of effective legal action. Unfortunately, scoundrels will capitalize the registration requirements and may seek to sell you a security on the theory that mere filing indicates approval by the Commission. Beware of any such argument. Our short experience as to this legislation prompts me to sound a note of warning, particularly to you, my friends of the radio audience. Each and everyone of you is a prospective or actual member of a "sucker" list, and when the stranger calls you on the phone to interest you in the purchase of securities, beware."<ref>{{citation |title=Address of Hon. Joseph P. Kennedy Chairman of Securities and Exchange Commission at Meeting of the Boston Chamber of Commerce |page=8 |date=November 15, 1934 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/1934/111534kennedy-1.pdf |access-date=March 15, 2025 |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513175538/https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/1934/111534kennedy-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 28, 1942, Boston's Cocoanut Grove nightclub was the site of the [[Cocoanut Grove fire]], the deadliest [[List of nightclub fires|nightclub fire]] in United States history, killing 492 people and injuring hundreds more.<ref>{{cite news |title=After Swiss Alps New Year's Eve bar fire, a look at some of America's worst nightclub and bar fires |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nightclub-bar-fires-america/ |work=CBC News |date=January 2, 2026 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 10, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108074932/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nightclub-bar-fires-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the early- to mid-20th century, Boston declined economically as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.{{sfn|Bluestone|Stevenson|2002|p=13}} Boston responded by initiating various [[urban renewal]] projects, under the direction of the [[Boston Planning and Development Agency|Boston Redevelopment Authority]] (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collins, Monica |date=August 7, 2005 |title=Born Again |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/ |access-date=May 8, 2007 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165937/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Outdoor Market at Haymarket Square - DPLA - 01a4a14730eecee533ae4e652326c8f7.jpg|thumb| Outdoor market at Haymarket Square in 1973]] The BRA continued implementing [[eminent domain]] projects, including the clearance of the vibrant [[Scollay Square]] area for construction of the modernist style [[Government Center, Boston|Government Center]]. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]] neighborhood, the first [[Community health centers in the United States|Community Health Center]] in the United States. It mostly served the massive [[Columbia Point (Boston)|Columbia Point]] public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roessner |first=Jane |url=https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes |title=A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point β A Community History |publisher=Northeastern University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55553-436-3 |location=Boston |page=[https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes/page/80 80]}}</ref> The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.<ref name="Roessner">Cf. Roessner, p.293. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992."</ref> By the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the [[Financial District, Boston|Financial District]] and in Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] during this period.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994|p=195}} This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], and [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the [[Boston Architectural College]], [[Boston College]], [[Boston University]], [[Harvard Medical School]], [[Tufts University School of Medicine]], [[Northeastern University]], [[Massachusetts College of Art and Design]], [[Wentworth Institute of Technology]], [[Berklee College of Music]], [[Boston Conservatory]], and others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over [[desegregation busing]], which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.{{sfn|Kennedy|1994|pp=194β195}} Boston has also experienced [[gentrification]] in the latter half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hampson |first=Rick |date=April 19, 2005 |title=Studies: Gentrification a boost for everyone |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm |access-date=May 2, 2009 |archive-date=June 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203315/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's [[rent control]] regime was struck down by statewide [[ballot proposition]].<ref name="Heudorfer">{{Cite web |last1=Heudorfer, Bonnie |last2=Bluestone, Barry |title=The Greater Boston Housing Report Card |url=http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108003526/http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf |archive-date=November 8, 2006 |access-date=December 12, 2016 |publisher=Center for Urban and Regional Policy (CURP), Northeastern University |page=6}}</ref> === 21st century === [[File:Boston Back Bay reflection.jpg|thumb|The [[Charles River]] in front of Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] neighborhood in 2013]] Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Feeney, Mark |last2=Mehegan, David |date=April 15, 2005 |title=Atlantic, 148-year institution, leaving city |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/ |access-date=March 31, 2007 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221240/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as [[FleetBoston Financial]], which was acquired by [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]-based [[Bank of America]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 9, 2004 |title=FleetBoston, Bank of America Merger Approved by Fed |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/ |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101331/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston-based department stores [[Jordan Marsh]] and [[Filene's]] have both merged into the [[New York City]]βbased [[Macy's, Inc.|Macy's]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abelson |first1=Jenn | last2=Palmer | first2=Thomas C. Jr. |date=July 29, 2005 |title=It's Official: Filene's Brand Will Be Gone |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/ |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053514/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1993 acquisition of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' by ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glaberson |first=William |date=June 11, 1993 |title=Largest Newspaper Deal in U.S. β N.Y. Times Buys Boston Globe for $1.1 Billion |page=B-12 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151 |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151 |url-status=live }}</ref> was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman [[John W. Henry]]. In 2016, it was announced [[General Electric]] would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the [[Seaport District]] in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boston.cbslocal.com/2016/01/13/general-electric-corporate-headquarters-boston-ge/ |title=General Electric To Move Corporate Headquarters To Boston |date=January 13, 2016 |publisher=CBS Local Media |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116093553/http://boston.cbslocal.com/2016/01/13/general-electric-corporate-headquarters-boston-ge/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the [[Big Dig]], in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.<ref>{{Cite news |first= Steve |last= LeBlanc |title= On December 31, It's Official: Boston's Big Dig Will Be Done |newspaper= The Washington Post |date= December 26, 2007 |access-date= December 26, 2007 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.html |archive-date= August 25, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825161122/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.html |url-status= live }}</ref> On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers [[Boston Marathon bombing|detonated a pair of bombs]] near the finish line of the [[2013 Boston Marathon|Boston Marathon]], killing three people and injuring roughly 264.<ref name="260herald">{{Cite news |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260 |title=Marathon injury toll jumps to 260 |last=McConville |first=Christine |date=April 23, 2013 |work=Boston Herald |access-date=April 24, 2013 |archive-date=April 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424191621/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260 |url-status=live }}</ref> The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan ''[[Boston Strong]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://apnews.com/article/boston-marathon-bombing-survivors-9a0bcba9158e42efa2149cb7cb8b218e | title=Survival diaries: Decade on, Boston Marathon bombing echoes | last=Golen | first=Jimmy | date=April 13, 2023 | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> In 2016, Boston briefly [[Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics|shouldered a bid]] as the U.S. applicant for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]]. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2016 |title=The life and death of Boston's Olympic bid |url=https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510215450/https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States Olympic Committee|USOC]] then selected [[Los Angeles]] to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the [[2028 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Futterman |first=Matthew |date=September 13, 2017 |title=Los Angeles Is Officially Awarded the 2028 Olympics |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225210/https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], with games taking place at [[Gillette Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026|title=FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026β’|access-date=December 28, 2022|archive-date=December 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> == Geography == {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Boston by Sentinel-2, 2019-09-27.jpg | caption1 = Boston and its neighbors with [[Boston Harbor]], as seen from [[Sentinel-2]] | image2 = The city of Boston 1879. LOC 75694555.jpg | caption2 = An 1877 panoramic map of Boston }} {{Quote box |quote=The geographical center of Boston is in [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]]. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End |align=left |width=30% |author=Unknown |source=A local colloquialism<ref>{{cite news | last=Baird | first=Gordon | url=https://www.gloucestertimes.com/opinion/fishtown-local-the-boston-view-from-afar/article_5e0481f6-2f7b-5dac-8456-39d1817ae940.html | title=Fishtown Local: The Boston view from afar | newspaper=Gloucester Daily Times | date=February 3, 2014 | access-date=August 6, 2024 | archive-date=August 6, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806062824/https://www.gloucestertimes.com/opinion/fishtown-local-the-boston-view-from-afar/article_5e0481f6-2f7b-5dac-8456-39d1817ae940.html | url-status=live }}</ref> }} Boston has an area of {{cvt|89.63|sqmi|1}}. Of this area, {{cvt|48.4|sqmi|1}}, or 54%, of it is land and {{cvt|41.2|sqmi|1}}, or 46%, of it is water. The city's elevation, as measured at [[Logan International Airport]], is {{cvt|19|ft|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Elevation data β Boston |url=https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/617565 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=June 21, 2007 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106142053/https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/617565 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest point in Boston is [[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]] at {{cvt|330|ft}} above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.<ref name="Bellevue Hill, Massachusetts">{{cite peakbagger |pid=6759 |name=Bellevue Hill, Massachusetts}}</ref> The city is adjacent to [[Boston Harbor]], an arm of [[Massachusetts Bay]], and by extension, the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the [[Greater Boston]] metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of [[Winthrop, Massachusetts|Winthrop]] and the [[Boston Harbor Islands]], to the northeast by the cities of [[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]], [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]] and [[Everett, Massachusetts|Everett]], to the north by the cities of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], to the northwest by [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], to the west by the city of [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] and town of [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]], to the southwest by the town of [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] and small portions of [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] and [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], and to the southeast by the town of [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]], and the city of [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]. The [[Charles River]] separates Boston's [[Allston-Brighton]], [[Fenway-Kenmore]] and [[Back Bay]] neighborhoods from [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]] and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] neighborhood. The [[Neponset River]] forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] and [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. The [[Mystic River]] separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and [[Chelsea Creek]] and Boston Harbor separate [[East Boston]] from [[Downtown Boston|Downtown]], the [[North End, Boston|North End]], and the [[Seaport District|Seaport]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Kings Chapel Burying Ground, USGS Boston South (MA) Topo Map |url=http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=42.35833&lon=-71.06028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629004700/http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=42.35833&lon=-71.06028 |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2016 |publisher=TopoZone}}</ref> === Neighborhoods === {{Main|Neighborhoods in Boston}} [[File:John Hancock Tower.jpg|thumb|[[John Hancock Tower]] at 200 Clarendon Street, the tallest building in Boston, with a [[List of tallest buildings by height to roof|roof height]] of {{cvt|790|ft}}]] Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guides.bpl.org/TownsOfBoston|title=Boston's Annexed Towns and Some Neighborhood Resources: Home|publisher=[[Boston Public Library]]|date=October 11, 2023|access-date=May 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414071320/https://guides.bpl.org/TownsOfBoston|archive-date=April 14, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bosdesca.omeka.net/exhibits/show/bostons-neighborhoods|title=Boston's Neighborhoods|website=Stark & Subtle Divisions: A Collaborative History of Segregation in Boston|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Boston]]|via=[[Omeka]]|access-date=May 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517001724/https://bosdesca.omeka.net/exhibits/show/bostons-neighborhoods|archive-date=May 17, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has designated 23 neighborhoods:<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2011 |title=Official list of Boston neighborhoods |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/neighborhoods/default.asp |access-date=September 1, 2012 |publisher=Cityofboston.gov |archive-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716104658/http://www.cityofboston.gov/neighborhoods/default.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * [[Allston]] * [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] * [[Bay Village, Boston|Bay Village]] * [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] * [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]] * [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] * [[Chinatown, Boston|Chinatown]] * [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]] * [[Downtown Boston|Downtown or Financial District]] * [[East Boston|East Boston (Eastie by locals)]] * [[FenwayβKenmore|Fenway or Fenway-Kenmore]] * [[Hyde Park, Boston|Hyde Park]] * [[Jamaica Plain]] * [[Mattapan]] * [[Mission Hill, Boston|Mission Hill]] * [[North End, Boston|North End]] * [[Roslindale]] * [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] * [[Seaport District|Seaport District or Seaport]] * [[South Boston|South Boston (Southie by locals)]] * the [[South End, Boston|South End]] * [[West End, Boston|the West End]] * [[West Roxbury]] {{div col end}} More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.<ref name="landfills" /> This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills, the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named, and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the [[Back Bay]].{{sfn|Morris|2005|p=8}} Back Bay is home to [[The First Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Center]], [[Copley Square]], [[Newbury Street]], and New England's two tallest buildings: the [[John Hancock Tower]] and the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Boston Skyscrapers |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101045 |access-date=May 15, 2005 |publisher=Emporis.com |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026062255/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101045 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=View Boston at the Prudential Center |url=https://www.bostoncentral.com/view-boston-prudential-center |website=BostonCentral |access-date=October 28, 2024 }}</ref> Near the John Hancock Tower is the [[Berkeley Building|old John Hancock Building]] with its prominent [[weather beacon|illuminated beacon]], the color of which forecasts the weather.{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=91}} [[Downtown Boston|Downtown]] and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and [[South Boston]]) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings β often [[Federal architecture|federal style]] and [[Greek revival]] β interspersed with modern high-rises.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shand-Tucci |first=Douglass |url=https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0/page/11 |title=Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800β2000 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55849-201-1 |edition=2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0/page/11 11, 294β299]}}</ref> Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the [[Boston Public Library]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Public Library Copley Interior Photos |url=https://www.bostoncentral.com/boston-public-library-copley-interior |website=BostonCentral |access-date=October 28, 2024 |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209170744/https://bostoncentral.com/boston-public-library-copley-interior |url-status=live }}</ref> Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Our History |url=http://www.southendhistoricalsociety.org/our-history/ |access-date=February 17, 2013 |publisher=South End Historical Society |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723055928/http://www.southendhistoricalsociety.org/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the "[[Big Dig]]"). That project removed the elevated [[Central Artery]] and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.{{sfn|Morris|2005|pp=54, 102}} === Environment === [[File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Greater Boston, U.S. (13873746295).jpg|thumb|[[Greater Boston]]'s 2010 population density and elevation above sea level]] Boston is located within the Boston Basin [[ecoregion]], which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as [[oak]]-[[hickory]] mixed with [[white pine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.massaudubon.org/our-work/birds-wildlife/bird-conservation-research/breeding-bird-atlases/ecoregions | title=Breading Bird Atlas 2 Ecoregions | publisher=MassAudubon | year=2024 | access-date=September 16, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412155346/https://www.massaudubon.org/our-work/birds-wildlife/bird-conservation-research/breeding-bird-atlases/ecoregions | archive-date=April 12, 2024}}</ref> As a coastal city built largely on [[Land reclamation|fill]], [[Sea level rise|sea-level rise]] is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates {{cvt|2|ft|0}} to more than {{cvt|7|ft|0}} of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/embed/file/2019-10/city_of_boston_2019_climate_action_plan_update_4.pdf | page=10 | title=Climate Action Plan, 2019 Update | publisher=City of Boston | date=October 2019 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829112548/https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/embed/file/2019-10/city_of_boston_2019_climate_action_plan_update_4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by [[Timber pilings|wooden piles]] driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to [[dry rot]] if exposed to air for long periods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bsces.org/index.cfm/page/Where-Has-All-the-Water-Gone-Left-Piles-Rotting.../cdid/10778/pid/10371 |title=Where Has All the Water Gone? Left Piles Rotting ... |website=bsces.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128044635/http://www.bsces.org/index.cfm/page/Where-Has-All-the-Water-Gone-Left-Piles-Rotting.../cdid/10778/pid/10371 |archive-date=November 28, 2014}}</ref> [[Groundwater]] levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/eeos/groundwater.asp | title=Groundwater | publisher=City of Boston | date=March 4, 2016 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133526/http://www.cityofboston.gov/eeos/groundwater.asp}}</ref> The city developed a climate action plan covering [[climate change mitigation|carbon reduction]] in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boston.gov/departments/environment/boston-climate-action |title=Boston Climate Action Plan |date=October 3, 2022 |publisher=City of Boston |access-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323103947/https://www.boston.gov/departments/environment/boston-climate-action |url-status=live }}</ref> This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an [[building performance|energy assessment]] every five years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/climate/progress/ |title=Tracking Boston's Progress |publisher=City of Boston |year=2014 |access-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817063325/https://www.cityofboston.gov/climate/progress/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for [[Climate resilience|coastal resilience]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boston.gov/environment-and-energy/resilient-boston-harbor |title=Resilient Boston Harbor |date=March 29, 2023 |publisher=City of Boston |language=en |access-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125444/https://www.boston.gov/environment-and-energy/resilient-boston-harbor |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/cable/video_library.asp?id=3087 | title=Video Library: Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive | publisher=City of Boston | date=June 1, 2013 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817063325/https://www.cityofboston.gov/cable/video_library.asp?id=3087 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Climate === {{multiple image |direction = vertical |image1 = USA Massachusetts Boston Foliage.jpg |caption1 = Boston's skyline in the sunny background with [[Autumn leaf color|fall foliage]] in the foreground |image2 = Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg |caption2 = A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at [[Logan International Airport]] from 1938 to 2015, highlighting the four winters with the most snowfall }} Under the [[KΓΆppen climate classification]], Boston has a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (KΓΆppen ''Dfa'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |title=High-resolution (1 km) KΓΆppen-Geiger maps for 1901β2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections | journal = Scientific Data |date=2023 |url=https://www.gloh2o.org/koppen/ |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Hans |title=KΓΆppen Climate Classification |url=http://hanschen.org/koppen. |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Summers are warm to hot and humid. Winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the [[jet stream]]. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. In winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.<ref name="BostonWeather">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Weather |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/arts/film/weather.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201010317/http://www.cityofboston.gov/arts/film/weather.asp |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |access-date=April 29, 2007 |publisher=City of Boston Film Bureau}}</ref> Boston lies at the border between [[USDA]] plant [[hardiness zone]]s 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map Massachusetts |url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/system/files/MA300_HS.png |access-date=November 18, 2023 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115024707/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/system/files/MA300_HS.png |url-status=live }}</ref> Receiving over 2,600 hours of sunshine annually, Boston is one of the sunniest oceanic cities located at its latitude globally. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of {{cvt|74.1|F|1}}. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of {{cvt|29.9|F|1}}. Periods exceeding {{cvt|90|F|0}} in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> Despite average winter temperatures near freezing, Boston can see entire winters without sustained periods of sub-freezing afternoons. The winter of 2001-2002 recorded only two days entirely below freezing, with no day with a daily maximum temperature below {{cvt|29|F|0}}.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> The winter of 2023-2024 saw the yearly minimum temperature not falling below {{cvt|14|F|0}} that winter.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> Sub- {{cvt|0|F|0}} readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston - Lowest Temperature for Each Year |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Yearly-Weather/USA/MA/Boston/extreme-annual-boston-low-temperature.php |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=Current Results |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305063419/https://www.currentresults.com/Yearly-Weather/USA/MA/Boston/extreme-annual-boston-low-temperature.php/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The most recent sub- {{cvt|0|F|0}} reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to {{cvt|β10|F|0}}. This was the lowest temperature reading in Boston since 1957.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> Several decades may pass between {{cvt|100|F|0}} readings. The last such reading occurred on June 24, 2025.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> Boston's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 to April 5.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" />{{efn|The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.}} Official temperature records have ranged from {{cvt|β18|F|0}} on February 9, 1934, up to {{cvt|104|F|0}} on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is {{cvt|2|F|0}} on December 30, 1917. The record warm daily minimum is {{cvt|83|F|0}} on both August 2, 1975, and July 21, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Threaded Extremes |url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=National Weather Service |archive-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305195121/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> The record high dew point is {{cvt|79|F|0}} recorded on August 10, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NWS Boston - Dewpoint Climatology |url=https://www.weather.gov/box/dewpoint |access-date=November 6, 2025 |publisher=National Weather Service |archive-date=November 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124082623/https://www.weather.gov/box/dewpoint |url-status=live }}</ref> The most humid month on record is August 2018 with an average dewpoint of {{cvt|66.8|F|1}} for the month.<ref name="KBOS hourly dewpoint data"/> The hottest month on record is July 2019 with a average mean temperature of {{cvt|78.7|F|1}} for the month.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> The month with the record warmest daily minimums was July 2019 with an average daily minimum of {{cvt|70.7|F|1}}.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> Boston has recorded entire months in summer without nighttime lows below {{cvt|63|F|0}}, the record most recently tied in August 2022 and previously set in July 2011 and July 2019.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> Summer in Boston can also see entire months without dewpoints below {{cvt|53|F|0}}, with the most recent occurrence being July 2008.<ref name="KBOS hourly dewpoint data"/> Boston has not recorded a summer since records began without at least one daily minimum of at least {{cvt|69|F|0}} or higher, and a dewpoint of {{cvt|71|F|0}} or greater.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/><ref name="KBOS hourly dewpoint data"/> The summers where the yearly maximum dew point topped out at {{cvt|71|F|0}} were in 1974 and 1982; and the yearly maximum daily minimum temperature at {{cvt|69|F|0}} in 1889.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/><ref name="KBOS hourly dewpoint data"/> The average yearly maximum daily minimum temperature is {{cvt|76.9|F|1}}, and the average yearly maximum dew point is {{cvt|75.4|F|1}}.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/><ref name="KBOS hourly dewpoint data"/><!--Daily maximum temperature data for Logan Airport is listed with Jamaica Plain below--> Boston averages {{cvt|43.6|in|sigfig=3}} of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] a year, with {{cvt|49.2|in|cm|0}} of snowfall per season.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" /> Most snowfall occurs from mid-November to early April. Snow is rare in May and October.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=May in the Northeast |url=http://www.intellicast.com/Almanac/Northeast/May/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429165729/http://www.intellicast.com/Almanac/Northeast/May/ |archive-date=April 29, 2007 |access-date=April 29, 2007 |publisher=Intellicast.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wangsness, Lisa |date=October 30, 2005 |title=Snowstorm packs October surprise |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/weather/articles/2005/10/30/snowstorm_packs_october_surprise/ |access-date=April 29, 2007 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234717/http://www.boston.com/news/weather/articles/2005/10/30/snowstorm_packs_october_surprise/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There is high year-to-year variability in snowfall. For instance, the winter of 2011β12 saw only {{cvt|9.3|in|cm|1}} of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was {{cvt|81.0|in|m}}.<ref name="NWS Boston, MA (BOX)" />{{efn|Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from {{cvt|9.0|in|cm|1}} in 1936β37 to {{cvt|110.6|in|m}} in 2014β15.}} Boston's coastal location on the [[North Atlantic]] makes the city very prone to [[nor'easter]]s, which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.<ref name="BostonWeather" /> Fog is relatively common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, Boston often receives [[sea breezes]], especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than {{cvt|20|F-change|0}} colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryan, Andrew |date=July 11, 2007 |title=Sea breeze keeps Boston 25 degrees cooler while others swelter |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/07/sea_breeze_keep.html |access-date=March 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107051159/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/07/sea_breeze_keep.html |archive-date=November 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryan, Andrew |date=June 9, 2008 |title=Boston sea breeze drops temperature 20 degrees in 20 minutes |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/06/boston_sea_bree.html |access-date=March 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413184438/http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/06/boston_sea_bree.html |archive-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref> Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September. Occasionally, they can become severe, with large [[hail]], damaging winds, and heavy downpours.<ref name="BostonWeather" /> Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent [[tornado]], Boston has experienced many [[tornado warning]]s. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Tornadoes in Massachusetts |url=http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/Massachusetts |access-date=February 24, 2013 |publisher=Tornado History Project |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512023520/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/Massachusetts |url-status=usurped}}</ref> {{climate chart|units=imperial |Boston (Logan Airport) |23.1 |36.8 |3.4 |24.6 |39.0 |3.2 |31.1 |45.5 |4.2 |40.8 |56.4 |3.6 |50.3 |66.5 |3.3 |59.7 |76.2 |3.9 |66.0 |82.1 |3.3 |65.1 |80.4 |3.2 |58.2 |73.1 |3.6 |47.5 |62.1 |4.0 |37.9 |51.6 |3.7 |29.2 |42.2 |4.3 |jansnow=14.3 |febsnow=14.4 |marsnow=9.0 |aprsnow=1.6 |maysnow=0.0 |junsnow=0.0 |julsnow=0.0 |augsnow=0.0 |sepsnow=0.0 |octsnow=0.2 |novsnow=0.7 |decsnow=9.0 |float=right |clear=right |source=NOAA<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> }} {{Boston, MA weatherbox}} There is also data available for Jamaica Plain, just southwest of downtown Boston. This data demonstrates the effects of the sea breeze at Logan Airport in contrast to that of much of the city of Boston inland away from the coast. Summer daytime temperature records in Jamaica Plain are often higher than Logan Airport by a few to several degrees. Jamaica Plain has set a record for the month with the warmest daily maximums in July 2022 with a average daily maximum of {{cvt|89.2|F|1}}, while Logan Airport's month of the warmest daily maximums was July 1983 with a average daily maximum of {{cvt|87.2|F|1}}.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> July 2022 set a record in both Logan Airport and Jamaica Plain with no daily maximum below {{cvt|79|F|0}} in Jamaica Plain, and {{cvt|75|F|0}} in Logan Airport for the whole month.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> Summers in Boston typically see the yearly maximum temperature climb to at least {{cvt|93|F|0}}<!--lowest yearly maximum record for a complete year-->, which was Jamaica Plain's yearly maximum temperature in 1996 and 2014; while at Logan Airport the lowest yearly maximum temperature was {{cvt|91|F|0}} recorded in 1889 and 1996.<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/> {{climate chart|units=imperial |Boston (Jamaica Plain) |19.4 |37.0 |3.9 |21.0 |39.6 |3.6 |28.4 |46.6 |4.5 |38.1 |58.8 |4.3 |48.2 |69.4 |3.6 |57.9 |78.8 |4.2 |64.0 |84.7 |3.5 |62.5 |83.1 |3.7 |54.9 |75.5 |4.0 |43.0 |63.7 |5.0 |34.2 |52.6 |4.0 |25.7 |42.4 |5.1 |collapsed=collapsed |float=right |clear=right |source=NOAA<ref name = "NWS Boston, MA (BOX)"/>}} {{Boston Jamaica Plain weatherbox|collapsed=collapsed}} {{#chart:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.chart}} == Demographics == {{see also|History of the Irish in Boston|History of Italian Americans in Boston|History of African Americans in Boston|Chinese Americans in Boston|Vietnamese Americans in Boston|LGBT culture in Boston}} {{Historical populations |type= USA |1680|4500 |1690|7000 |1700|6700 |1710|9000 |1722|10567 |1742|16382 |1765|15520 |1790|18320 |1800|24937 |1810|33787 |1820|43298 |1830|61392 |1840|93383 |1850|136881 |1860|177840 |1870|250526 |1880|362839 |1890|448477 |1900|560892 |1910|670585 |1920|748060 |1930|781188 |1940|770816 |1950|801444 |1960|697197 |1970|641071 |1980|562994 |1990|574283 |2000|589141 |2010|617594 |2020|675647 |2024*|673458|NaN= 667 |source=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{Cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|access-date=June 4, 2015|publisher=Census.gov|archive-date=April 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|url-status=live }}</ref> |footnote=*=population estimate. {{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references}}<ref name="1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790">{{Cite web |year=1952|title=1950 Census of Population|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf|access-date=July 12, 2011|publisher=Bureau of the Census|at=Section 6, Pages 21β07 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920|volume=1: Number of Inhabitants|archive-date=July 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721040747/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ColonialPop">{{Cite book|last=United States Census Bureau|title=A Century of Population Growth|year=1909|page=11|chapter=Population in the Colonial and Continental Periods|chapter-url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00165897ch01.pdf|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804062114/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00165897ch01.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020β2022| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| access-date=November 25, 2023| url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html| archive-date=July 11, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html| url-status=live}}</ref><br />2010β2020<ref name="QuickFacts" /> }} {|class="wikitable" |+ Historical racial/ethnic composition ! Race/ethnicity ! 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boston, MA {{!}} Data USA|url=https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/|access-date=October 5, 2022|website=datausa.io|language=en|archive-date=March 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331105713/https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=October 15, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 1990<ref name="census4">{{Cite web |title=Massachusetts β Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=April 20, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> ! 1970<ref name="census4" /> ! 1940<ref name="census4" /> |- |[[Non-Hispanic White]] ||44.7% ||47.0% ||59.0% ||79.5%{{efn|name="fifteen"}}||96.6% |- |[[African Americans|Black]] ||22.0% ||24.4% ||23.8% ||16.3% ||3.1% |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) ||19.5% ||17.5% ||10.8% ||2.8%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} ||0.1% |- |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] ||9.7% ||8.9% ||5.3% ||1.3% ||0.2% |- |[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] ||3.2% ||3.9% ||β ||β ||β |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ||0.2% ||0.4% ||0.3% ||0.2% ||β |} In the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households<ref name="QuickFacts" />βa 12% population increase over 2010. Boston is the [[List of United States cities by population density|third-most densely populated large U.S. city]] of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1996 |title=Boston's Population Doubles β Every Day |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//pdr96-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723053618/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//pdr96-1.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2012 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority β Insight Reports}}</ref> In 2011, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.<ref name="census1" /> There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.<ref name="census1">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Boston city, MassachusettsβDP02, Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2007β2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=February 13, 2013 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the [[Median income|median household income]] in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<ref name="census3">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Boston city, MassachusettsβDP03. Selected Economic Characteristics 2007β2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212211753/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP03 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Boston has a significant [[racial wealth gap in the United States|racial wealth gap]] with White Bostonians having a median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=MuΓ±oz |first1=Anna Patricia |last2=Kim |first2=Marlene |last3=Chang |first3=Mariko |last4=Jackson |first4=Regine O. |last5=Hamilton |first5=Darrick |last6=Darity Jr. |first6=William A. |date=March 25, 2015 |title=The Color of Wealth in Boston |url=https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/one-time-pubs/color-of-wealth.aspx |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=Federal Reserve Bank of Boston |archive-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328221006/https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/one-time-pubs/color-of-wealth.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of [[non-Hispanic Whites]] in Boston declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites were 49.5% of Boston's population, making the city [[majority minority]] for the first time. In the 21st century, Boston has experienced significant [[gentrification]], during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority. By 2010, in part due to a crash in housing prices, as well as increased efforts to make affordable housing more available, the non-White population had rebounded and non-Hispanic White residents formed 47% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Boston, Massachusetts |url=http://www.bestplaces.net/city/Boston_MA-PEOPLE-52507000010.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318095419/http://www.bestplaces.net/city/Boston_MA-PEOPLE-52507000010.aspx |archive-date=March 18, 2008 |access-date=April 6, 2008 |publisher=Sperling's BestPlaces}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonas |first=Michael |date=August 3, 2008 |title=Majority-minority no more? |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/08/03/majority_minority_no_more/ |access-date=November 30, 2009 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000506/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/08/03/majority_minority_no_more/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2011 |title=Boston 2010 Census: Facts & Figures |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthoritynews.org/2011/03/23/boston-census-facts-figures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118161450/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthoritynews.org/2011/03/23/boston-census-facts-figures/ |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2012 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority News}}</ref> === Ethnicity === {{multiple image |direction = vertical |image1 = US Navy 090315-N-8110K-011 A crowd along a parade route in South Boston cheers Sailors from the guided-missile frigate USS Taylor (FFG 50) as they march in the 108th Annual St. Patrick's Day Parade.jpg |caption1 = [[United States|U.S. Navy]] sailors march in Boston's annual [[Saint Patrick's Day]] parade. [[History of Irish Americans in Boston|Irish Americans]] constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston. |image2 = Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg |caption2 = An [[Armenian Americans|Armenian American]] family in Boston, 1908 }} In 2011, [[African-American]]s comprised 22% of the city's population. People of [[History of Irish Americans in Boston|Irish]] descent formed the second-largest single [[American ancestry|ethnic group]] in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by [[Italian Americans|Italians]], accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of [[West Indies|West Indian]] and [[Caribbean]] ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.<ref name="census2">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Boston city, MassachusettsβDP02, Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |access-date=February 13, 2013 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815134909/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |url-status=live }}</ref> In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=Census β Table Results |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=310M300US14460&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true |publisher=census.gov |access-date=August 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203235636/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=310M300US14460&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true |url-status=live }}</ref> East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as [[Jamaica Plain, Boston|Jamaica Plain]] and [[Roslindale, Boston|Roslindale]] have a growing number of [[Dominican-Americans in Boston|Dominican Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=New Bostonians 2009 |url=http://www.pluralism.org/files/wrgb/civic/New_Bostonians_2009.pdf |access-date=February 13, 2013 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority/Research Division |archive-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508050236/http://www.pluralism.org/files/wrgb/civic/New_Bostonians_2009.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a large and historical [[Armenian Americans|Armenian]] community in Boston,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenians |url=https://globalboston.bc.edu/index.php/home/ethnic-groups/armenians/ |publisher=Global Boston |date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082740/https://globalboston.bc.edu/index.php/home/ethnic-groups/armenians/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the city is home to the [[Armenian Heritage Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Heritage Park opens to honor immigrants|last=Matos|first=Alejandra|url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2012/05/22/armenian-heritage-park-opens-to-honor-immigrants/|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 22, 2012|access-date=July 23, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723132930/https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2012/05/22/armenian-heritage-park-opens-to-honor-immigrants/ |archive-date=July 23, 2023 }}</ref> Over 27,000 [[Chinese Americans in Boston|Chinese Americans]] made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States 2011β2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates β Chinese alone, Boston city, Massachusetts |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/S0201/1600000US2507000/popgroup~016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004414/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/S0201/1600000US2507000/popgroup~016 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 15, 2016 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> According to the 2012β2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=People Reporting Ancestry 2012β2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2012β2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! Ancestry ! Percentage of<br />Boston<br />population ! Percentage of<br />Massachusetts<br />population ! Percentage of<br />United States<br />population ! City-to-state<br />difference ! City-to-USA<br />difference |- |[[African Americans|Black]] |22% |8.2% |14β15% |13.8% |7% |- |[[Irish Americans|Irish]] |14.06% |21.16% |10.39% |β7.10% |3.67% |- |[[Italian Americans|Italian]] |8.13% |13.19% |5.39% |β5.05% |2.74% |- |[[West Indian Americans|Other West Indian]] |6.92% |1.96% |0.90% |4.97% |6.02% |- |[[Dominican Americans|Dominican]] |5.45% |2.60% |0.68% |2.65% |4.57% |- |[[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] |5.27% |4.52% |1.66% |0.75% |3.61% |- |[[Chinese Americans|Chinese]] |4.57% |2.28% |1.24% |2.29% |3.33% |- |[[German Americans|German]] |4.57% |6.00% |14.40% |β1.43% |β9.83% |- |[[English Americans|English]] |4.54% |9.77% |7.67% |β5.23% |β3.13% |- |[[American ancestry|American]] |4.13% |4.26% |6.89% |β0.13% |β2.76% |- |[[African immigration to the United States|Sub-Saharan African]] |4.09% |2.00% |1.01% |2.09% |3.08% |- |[[Haitian Americans|Haitian]] |3.58% |1.15% |0.31% |2.43% |3.27% |- |[[Polish Americans|Polish]] |2.48% |4.67% |2.93% |β2.19% |β0.45% |- |[[Cape Verdean Americans|Cape Verdean]] |2.21% |0.97% |0.03% |1.24% |2.18% |- |[[French Americans|French]] |1.93% |6.82% |2.56% |β4.89% |β0.63% |- |[[Vietnamese Americans|Vietnamese]] |1.76% |0.69% |0.54% |1.07% |1.22% |- |[[Jamaican Americans|Jamaican]] |1.70% |0.44% |0.34% |1.26% |1.36% |- |[[Russian Americans|Russian]] |1.62% |1.65% |0.88% |β0.03% |0.74% |- |[[Indian Americans|Asian Indian]] |1.31% |1.39% |1.09% |β0.08% |0.22% |- |[[Scottish Americans|Scottish]] |1.30% |2.28% |1.71% |β0.98% |β0.41% |- |[[French Canadian Americans|French Canadian]] |1.19% |3.91% |0.65% |β2.71% |0.54% |- |[[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] |1.12% |0.67% |11.96% |0.45% |β10.84% |- |[[Arab Americans|Arab]] |1.10% |1.10% |0.59% |0.00% |0.50% |} === Income === {{See also|List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income}} Data is from the [[American Community Survey]]'s five-year estimates 2008β2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210359/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Selected Economic Characteristics 2008β2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP05&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210916/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP05&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2008β2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_S1101&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212211231/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_S1101&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Households and Families 2008β2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! Rank ! ZIP Code (ZCTA) ! Per capita<br />income ! Median<br />household<br />income ! Median<br />family<br />income ! Population ! Number of<br />households |- |1 |02110 ([[Financial District, Boston|Financial District]]) |$152,007 |$123,795 |$196,518 |1,486 |981 |- |2 |02199 ([[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]]) |$151,060 |$107,159 |$146,786 |1,290 |823 |- |3 |02210 ([[Fort Point, Boston|Fort Point]]) |$93,078 |$111,061 |$223,411 |1,905 |1,088 |- |4 |02109 ([[North End, Boston|North End]]) |$88,921 |$128,022 |$162,045 |4,277 |2,190 |- |5 |02116 ([[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]]/[[Bay Village, Boston|Bay Village]]) |$81,458 |$87,630 |$134,875 |21,318 |10,938 |- |6 |02108 ([[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]]/Financial District) |$78,569 |$95,753 |$153,618 |4,155 |2,337 |- |7 |02114 (Beacon Hill/[[West End, Boston|West End]]) |$65,865 |$79,734 |$169,107 |11,933 |6,752 |- |8 |02111 ([[Chinatown, Boston|Chinatown]]/Financial District/[[Leather District]]) |$56,716 |$44,758 |$88,333 |7,616 |3,390 |- |9 |02129 ([[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]]) |$56,267 |$89,105 |$98,445 |17,052 |8,083 |- |10 |02467 ([[Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts|Chestnut Hill]]) |$53,382 |$113,952 |$148,396 |22,796 |6,351 |- |11 |02113 (North End) |$52,905 |$64,413 |$112,589 |7,276 |4,329 |- |12 |02132 ([[West Roxbury]]) |$44,306 |$82,421 |$110,219 |27,163 |11,013 |- |13 |02118 ([[South End, Boston|South End]]) |$43,887 |$50,000 |$49,090 |26,779 |12,512 |- |14 |02130 ([[Jamaica Plain]]) |$42,916 |$74,198 |$95,426 |36,866 |15,306 |- |15 |02127 ([[South Boston]]) |$42,854 |$67,012 |$68,110 |32,547 |14,994 |- | |''[[Massachusetts]]'' |$35,485 |$66,658 |$84,380 |6,560,595 |2,525,694 |- | |''Boston'' |$33,589 |$53,136 |$63,230 |619,662 |248,704 |- | |''[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]]'' |$32,429 |$52,700 |$61,796 |724,502 |287,442 |- |16 |02135 ([[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]]) |$31,773 |$50,291 |$62,602 |38,839 |18,336 |- |17 |02131 ([[Roslindale]]) |$29,486 |$61,099 |$70,598 |30,370 |11,282 |- | |''United States'' |$28,051 |$53,046 |$64,585 |309,138,711 |115,226,802 |- |18 |02136 ([[Hyde Park, Boston|Hyde Park]]) |$28,009 |$57,080 |$74,734 |29,219 |10,650 |- |19 |02134 ([[Allston]]) |$25,319 |$37,638 |$49,355 |20,478 |8,916 |- |20 |02128 ([[East Boston]]) |$23,450 |$49,549 |$49,470 |41,680 |14,965 |- |21 |02122 ([[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]]-[[Fields Corner]]) |$23,432 |$51,798 |$50,246 |25,437 |8,216 |- |22 |02124 (Dorchester-[[Codman Square District|Codman Square]]-[[Ashmont, Boston|Ashmont]]) |$23,115 |$48,329 |$55,031 |49,867 |17,275 |- |23 |02125 (Dorchester-[[Uphams Corner]]-[[Savin Hill]]) |$22,158 |$42,298 |$44,397 |31,996 |11,481 |- |24 |02163 (Allston-[[Harvard Business School]]) |$21,915 |$43,889 |$91,190 |1,842 |562 |- |25 |02115 (Back Bay, [[Longwood, Boston|Longwood]], [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]]/[[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]] area) |$21,654 |$23,677 |$50,303 |29,178 |9,958 |- |26 |02126 ([[Mattapan]]) |$20,649 |$43,532 |$52,774 |27,335 |9,510 |- |27 |02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) |$19,082 |$30,823 |$72,583 |23,719 |7,995 |- |28 |02119 ([[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]]) |$18,998 |$27,051 |$35,311 |24,237 |9,769 |- |29 |02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) |$18,226 |$30,419 |$35,439 |26,801 |9,739 |- |30 |02120 ([[Mission Hill, Boston|Mission Hill]]) |$17,390 |$32,367 |$29,583 |13,217 |4,509 |} === Religion === [[File:Sunset in Copley Square (25887).jpg|thumb|[[Old South Church]], a [[United Church of Christ]] congregation first organized in 1669, at [[Copley Square]] at sunset]] In a 2023-24 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], 47% of the population of the city identified themselves as [[Christians]], with 21% attending a variety of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches and 24% professing [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] beliefs. 40% claim [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]]. The remaining 13% are composed of adherents of [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], and other faiths.<ref>{{cite web |title=People in the Boston metro area |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/boston-ma/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090835/https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/boston-ma/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Catholic Church]] had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the [[Greater Boston]] area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The [[United Church of Christ]] had 55,000 members and 213 churches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/14460/rcms2010_14460_metro_name_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives β Maps & Reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131736/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/14460/rcms2010_14460_metro_name_2010.asp |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the Boston metro area had a [[American Jews|Jewish population]] of approximately 248,000.<ref name="2015bjcs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/ssri/pdfs/communitystudies/GreaterBostonJewishCommStudy2015.pdf |title=2015 Greater Boston Jewish Community Study |publisher=Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, Brandeis University |access-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025025025/https://www.brandeis.edu/ssri/pdfs/communitystudies/GreaterBostonJewishCommStudy2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], or adjacent towns.<ref name=2015bjcs/> A small minority practices [[Confucianism]], and some practice [[Boston Confucians|Boston Confucianism]], an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.<ref>{{cite book | first=Robert | last=Neville | title=Boston Confucianism | year=2000 | publisher=Albany, NY: State University of New York Press}}</ref> == Economy == {{See also|Greater Boston#Major companies|List of tourist attractions in Boston|l1=Major companies in Greater Boston}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float: left; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; margin: 1em;" |+ Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018<br />(ranked by revenues)<br />with City and U.S. ranks<ref name="Fortune_500">{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?hqcity=Springfield |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made The List |website=Fortune |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220509/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?hqcity=Springfield |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="col" | Bos. ! scope="col" | Corporation ! scope="col" | US ! scope="col" | Revenue<br />(in millions) |- ! scope="row" | 1 | [[General Electric]] || 18 || $122,274 |- ! scope="row" | 2 | [[Liberty Mutual]] || 68 || $42,687 |- ! scope="row" | 3 | [[State Street Corporation|State Street]] || 259 || $11,774 |- ! scope="row" | 4 | [[American Tower]] || 419 || $6,663.9 |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float: left; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; margin: 1em;" |+ Top city employers, 2023.<ref name="cmwlthemploy">{{cite web|url=https://lmi.dua.eol.mass.gov/lmi/LargestEmployersArea/LEAResult?A=04&GA=000025|title=Largest 200 Employers in Suffolk County|publisher=Massahcusetts Department of Economic Research|access-date=July 24, 2023|date=2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724141204/https://lmi.dua.eol.mass.gov/lmi/LargestEmployersArea/LEAResult?A=04&GA=000025|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" | Rank ! scope="col" | Company/Organization |- ! scope="row" | 1 | [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] |- ! scope="row" | 2 | [[Dana Farber Cancer Institute]] |- ! scope="row" | 3 | [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] |- ! scope="row" | 4 | [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]] |- ! scope="row" | 5 | [[Boston Children's Hospital]] |- ! scope="row" | 6 | [[Boston Medical Center]] |- ! scope="row" | 7 | [[Boston University School of Medicine]] |- ! scope="row" | 8 | [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] |- ! scope="row" | 9 | [[Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America|TIAA]] |- ! scope="row" | 10 | [[Tufts Children's Hospital]] |}{{-}} A [[global city]], Boston is ranked among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/ |title=What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City? |last=Florida, Richard |date=May 8, 2012 |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |access-date=February 21, 2013 |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318072635/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Encompassing $610 billion, the [[Greater Boston]] metropolitan area has the [[List of cities by GDP|eighth-largest economy in the country and 16th-largest in the world]].<ref name="pricewater">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008β2025 |publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513194342/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP14460 | title=Total Gross Domestic Product for Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (MSA) (NGMP14460) | website=FRED Economic Data, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis | date=December 4, 2024 | access-date=February 22, 2025 | archive-date=March 10, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310040244/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP14460 | url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/06/regrep.pdf |title=The prominence of Boston area colleges and universities |last=McSweeney, Denis M. |access-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318122858/https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/06/regrep.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//pdr_563.pdf |title=Leadership Through Innovation: The History of Boston's Economy |year=2003 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006105936/http://bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/ResearchPublications//pdr_563.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for [[biotechnology]], with the [[Milken Institute]] rating Boston as the top [[List of life sciences|life sciences]] cluster in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2009/05/milken_report_h.html |title=Milken report: The Hub is still tops in life sciences |date=May 19, 2009 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=August 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523105412/http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2009/05/milken_report_h.html |archive-date=May 23, 2009}}</ref> Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the [[National Institutes of Health]] of all cities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssti.org/Digest/Tables/022006t.htm |title=Top 100 NIH Cities |year=2004 |publisher=SSTI.org |access-date=February 19, 2007 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224151548/https://ssti.org/Digest/Tables/022006t.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to [[venture capital]], and the presence of many [[high-tech]] companies.<ref name="Kirsner" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.talentculture.com/feature/boston-the-city-of-innovation/ |title=Boston: The City of Innovation |date=August 2, 2010 |publisher=TalentCulture |access-date=August 30, 2010 |archive-date=August 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819065017/http://www.talentculture.com/feature/boston-the-city-of-innovation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128 corridor]] and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/ |title=Venture Investment β Regional Aggregate Data |publisher=National Venture Capital Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104240/http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/ |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> and high technology remains an important sector.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2024/04/30/boston-tech-cre-market-global-powerhouse.html | title=Why Boston's tech CRE market has emerged as a global powerhouse | newspaper=Boston Business Journal | author=JLL | date=April 30, 2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525184547/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2024/04/30/boston-tech-cre-market-global-powerhouse.html | archive-date=May 25, 2024 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tourism]] composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonusa.com/partner/press/pr/statistics |title=Tourism Statistics & Reports |year=2009β2011 |publisher=Greater Boston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226060849/http://www.bostonusa.com/partner/press/pr/statistics |url-status=live }}</ref> Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonusa.com/partner/press/press-releases/view/GBCVB-Massport-Celebrate-Record-Number-of-International-Visitors-in-2014-/113/ |title=GBCVB, Massport Celebrate Record Number of International Visitors in 2014 |date=August 21, 2015 |publisher=Greater Boston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160732/http://www.bostonusa.com/partner/press/press-releases/view/GBCVB-Massport-Celebrate-Record-Number-of-International-Visitors-in-2014-/113/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.<ref>CASE STUDY: City of Boston, Massachusetts;[https://www.costtree.net/case-study-city-boston-massachusetts Cost Plans for Governments] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709000111/https://www.costtree.net/case-study-city-boston-massachusetts |date=July 9, 2017 }}</ref> Boston is a major [[Port of Boston|seaport]] along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massport.com/ports/about_histo.html |title=About the Port β History |year=2007 |publisher=Massport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702080554/http://www.massport.com/ports/about_histo.html |archive-date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> In the 2018 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Boston was ranked as having the 13th-most competitive [[financial services]] center in the world and the second-most competitive in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 24 |date=September 2018 |publisher=Zyen |access-date=January 18, 2019 |archive-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164551/https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston-based [[Fidelity Investments]] helped popularize the [[mutual fund]] in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States and a center for [[venture capital]] firms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%209.pdf |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 9 |last=Yeandle, Mark |date=March 2011 |publisher=[[Z/Yen|The Z/Yen Group]] |page=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128152601/http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%209.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref> Boston is home to the headquarters of [[Santander Bank]] and [[State Street Corporation]], the latter specializing in asset management and custody services. Boston is a printing and [[publishing]] center<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications/pdr529.pdf |title=History of Boston's Economy β Growth and Transition 1970β1998 |date=November 1999 |publisher=Boston Redevelopment Authority |page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723053431/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications/pdr529.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=March 12, 2013}}</ref>β[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] is headquartered within the city, along with [[Bedford-St. Martin's|Bedford-St. Martin's Press]] and [[Beacon Press]]. [[Pearson PLC]] publishing units employ several hundred people in Boston. Boston is home to two [[convention center]]sβthe [[Hynes Convention Center]] in the Back Bay and the [[Boston Convention and Exhibition Center]] on the [[South Boston waterfront]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Frommer's Boston 2007 |last=Morris |first=Marie |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-08401-4 |edition=2 |page=59}}</ref> Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]], [[New Balance]], and [[Reebok]]. [[Rockport (company)|Rockport]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] and [[Wolverine World Wide|Wolverine World Wide, Inc.]] headquarters or regional offices<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.omaha.com/money/top-shoe-brands-like-reebok-and-converse-move-headquarters-to/article_d5a19ef4-33bc-5ae7-8fa6-17cb513598df.html |title=Top shoe brands, like Reebok and Converse, move headquarters to Boston |work=Omaha.com |access-date=January 19, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231011530/https://www.omaha.com/money/top-shoe-brands-like-reebok-and-converse-move-headquarters-to/article_d5a19ef4-33bc-5ae7-8fa6-17cb513598df.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are just outside the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/03/reebok-boston/ |title=Reebok Is Moving to Boston |work=Boston Magazine |access-date=January 19, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023131407/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2016/11/03/reebok-boston/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Education == === Primary and secondary === [[File:Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg|thumb|[[Boston Latin School]], established in 1635, is the oldest public high school in the U.S.]] [[Boston Public Schools]] enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including [[Boston Latin Academy]], [[John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science|John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science]], and the [[Boston Latin School]]. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.<ref name="BPS" /> The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/cms/lib07/MA01906464/Centricity/Domain/238/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2014-0502.pdf |title=BPS at a glance |publisher=bostonpublicschools.org |access-date=September 1, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114553/https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/cms/lib07/MA01906464/Centricity/Domain/238/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2014-0502.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are private, parochial, and [[charter school]]s. Approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the [[METCO|Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/ |title=Metco Program |date=June 16, 2011 |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education |access-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041505/http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2019, the city began Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's [[kindergarten]] system a [[savings account]], containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/us/boston-public-schools-kindergartners-college-trnd/index.html |title=Boston is giving every public school kindergartner $50 to promote saving for college or career training |last=Amir Vera |date=September 10, 2019 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=September 10, 2019 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001144/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/us/boston-public-schools-kindergartners-college-trnd/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Colleges and universities === {{Main list|List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston}} {{multiple image |direction = vertical |image1 = Boston college town map.png |caption1 = A map of Boston-area universities |image2 = Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg |caption2 = [[Harvard Business School]], one of the nation's top [[business school]]s.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/business-schools/2019/regions/us U.S. B-Schools Ranking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113151345/https://www.bloomberg.com/business-schools/2019/regions/us |date=November 13, 2021 }}, Bloomberg Businessweek</ref> }} Several of the highest-ranked universities in the world are near Boston.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/boston-education-overview-brainpower-triangle |title=Why Greater Boston deserves to be called the 'brainpower triangle' |first=Colm |last=Gorey |date=September 12, 2018 |website=Silicon Republic |access-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113151358/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/boston-education-overview-brainpower-triangle |url-status=live }}</ref> Three universities with a major presence in the city, [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and [[Tufts University|Tufts]], are just outside of Boston in the cities of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], known as the ''Brainpower Triangle''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm |title=Brainpower Triangle Cambridge Massachusetts β New Media Technology and Tech Clusters |work=The New Media |access-date=May 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714170557/http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref> Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its [[Harvard Business School|business]] school and athletics facilities are in Boston's [[Allston]] neighborhood, and its [[Harvard Medical School|medical]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|dental]], and [[Harvard School of Public Health|public health]] schools are located in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood]] area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html |title=Crimson Tide |last=Kladko, Brian |date=April 20, 2007 |work=Boston Business Journal |access-date=April 28, 2007 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010056/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "[[History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology#Boston Tech (1865β1916)|Boston Tech]]"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/when-mit-was-boston-tech |title=The MIT Press: When MIT Was "Boston Tech" |year=2013 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=9780262160025 |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213175825/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/when-mit-was-boston-tech |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tufts University]]'s main campus is north of the city in [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], though its medical and dental schools are located in Boston's Chinatown at [[Tufts Medical Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://campusmaps.tufts.edu/boston/ |title=Boston Campus Map |year=2013 |publisher=Tufts University |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217174032/http://campusmaps.tufts.edu/boston/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Greater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/metinternational/discover/city-of-boston/ |title=City of Boston |year=2014 |publisher=Boston University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040537/http://www.bu.edu/metinternational/discover/city-of-boston/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> The city's largest private universities include [[Boston University]] (also the city's fourth-largest employer),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//pdr509.pdf |title=The Largest Employers in the City of Boston |year=1996β1997 |publisher=[[Boston Redevelopment Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723052530/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//pdr509.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> with its main campus along [[Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)|Commonwealth Avenue]] and a medical campus in the [[South End, Boston|South End]], [[Northeastern University]] in the [[FenwayβKenmore|Fenway]] area,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/northeastern-university-2199 |title=Northeastern University |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 5, 2013 |year=2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103042032/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/northeastern-university-2199 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Suffolk University]] near [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]], which includes [[Suffolk University Law School|law school]] and [[Sawyer Business School|business school]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/suffolk-university-2218 |title=Suffolk University |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 13, 2013 |year=2013 |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130094653/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/suffolk-university-2218 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Boston College]], which straddles the Boston (Brighton)βNewton border.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyfreepress.com/2006/02/27/bc-outlines-move-into-allston-brighton/ |title=BC outlines move into Allston-Brighton |last=Laczkoski, Michelle |date=February 27, 2006 |work=The Daily Free Press |access-date=May 6, 2012 |publisher=Boston University |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509021201/http://dailyfreepress.com/2006/02/27/bc-outlines-move-into-allston-brighton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's only public university is the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] on Columbia Point in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts|Dorchester]]. [[Roxbury Community College]] and [[Bunker Hill Community College]] are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/3488e768-1dd4-4446-a557-3892bb0445c6/ |title=Boston by the Numbers |publisher=City of Boston |access-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005111301/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/3488e768-1dd4-4446-a557-3892bb0445c6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Five members of the [[Association of American Universities]] are in Greater Boston, more than any other metropolitan area: Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and [[Brandeis University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Who-We-Are/AAU-Member-List-Updated-2021.pdf |title=Member institutions and years of admission |website=Association of American Universities |access-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219114005/https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Who-We-Are/AAU-Member-List-Updated-2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Boston contains seven [[List of research universities in the United States#Universities classified as "R1: Doctoral Universities β Highest Research Activity"|Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities]] as per the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|Carnegie Classification]]. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in [[National Institutes of Health]] grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rural states seek to sap research funds from Boston |last=Jan |first=Tracy |date=April 2, 2014 |newspaper=The Boston Globe}}</ref> This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=27990268 |year=2016 |last1=Bankston |first1=A |title=Monitoring the compliance of the academic enterprise with the Fair Labor Standards Act |journal=F1000Research |volume=5 |issue= |pages=2690 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.10086.2 |pmc=5130071 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_jpyjr8GzA|title=BPDA data presentation at National Postdoc Association conference|website=[[YouTube]]|date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=March 3, 2022|archive-date=March 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303030321/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1057&v=p_jpyjr8GzA&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller private colleges include [[Babson College]], [[Bentley University]], [[Boston Architectural College]], [[Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)|Emmanuel College]], [[Fisher College]], [[MGH Institute of Health Professions]], [[Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]], [[Simmons University]], [[Wellesley College]], [[Wentworth Institute of Technology]], [[New England School of Law]] (originally established as America's first all female law school),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nesl.edu/engaged/history.cfm |title=History of NESL |year=2010 |publisher=New England School of Law |access-date=October 17, 2010 |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821053423/http://www.nesl.edu/engaged/history.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Emerson College]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/emerson-college-2146 |title=Emerson College |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130033857/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/emerson-college-2146 |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |year=2013}}</ref> The region is home to several [[music school|conservatories]] and art schools, including the [[New England Conservatory of Music|New England Conservatory]] (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu/reports_factsheets/briefhistory.html |title=A Brief History of New England Conservatory |year=2007 |publisher=New England Conservatory of Music |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120101156/http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu//reports_factsheets/briefhistory.html |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> the [[Boston Conservatory]], and [[Berklee College of Music]], which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.<ref>{{cite book |title=College Guide for Performing Arts Majors: The Real-World Admission Guide for Dance, Music, and Theater Majors |last=Everett |first=Carole J. |publisher=Peterson's |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7689-2698-9 |pages=199β200}}</ref> Many [[vocational school|trade schools]] also exist in the city such as the Boston Career Institute, the [[North Bennet Street School]], and Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.expertise.com/business/trade-schools/massachusetts/boston | title=Best Trade Schools in Boston, MA | publisher=Expertise.com | date=August 16, 2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817074042/https://www.expertise.com/business/trade-schools/massachusetts/boston | url-status=live }}</ref> == Government == {{Further|Mayor of Boston|Boston City Council|List of members of Boston City Council|Boston Finance Commission}} [[File:Boston_city_hall.jpg|thumb|[[Boston City Hall]] is a [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist-style]] landmark in the city.]] Boston has a [[Mayorβcouncil government|strong mayorβcouncil government]] system in which the mayor, elected every fourth year, has extensive executive power. [[Michelle Wu]] became mayor in November 2021, succeeding [[Kim Janey]] who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following [[Marty Walsh]]'s confirmation to the position of [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] in the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden/Harris Administration]]. Walsh's predecessor [[Thomas Menino]]'s twenty-year tenure was the longest in Boston's history.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-boss-of-boston-mayor-thomas-menino.html |title=The Boss of Boston: Mayor Thomas Menino |last=Patton, Zach |date=January 2012 |work=Governing |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023123/https://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-boss-of-boston-mayor-thomas-menino.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Boston City Council]] is elected every two years. There are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20%28final%20draft1%20with%20jumps%29_tcm3-16428.pdf |title=Boston City Charter |date=July 2007 |publisher=City of Boston |page=59 |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224125713/https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20(final%20draft1%20with%20jumps)_tcm3-16428.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The School Committee, which oversees the [[Boston Public Schools]], is appointed by the mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp#leadership |title=The Boston Public Schools at a Glance: School Committee |date=March 14, 2007 |publisher=Boston Public Schools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> Boston uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and [[3-1-1]] to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/17/city-hall-always-above-average-you-ask-city-hall/GUvNcsQlIhJYt8SPgjLzCN/story.html |title=City Hall is always above average β if you ask City Hall |last=Irons |first=Meghan E. |date=August 17, 2016 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031807/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/17/city-hall-always-above-average-you-ask-city-hall/GUvNcsQlIhJYt8SPgjLzCN/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg|thumb|The chamber of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] in [[Massachusetts State House]]]] In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts [[Department of Conservation and Recreation]], the [[Boston Public Health Commission]], the [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority|Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)]], and the [[Massachusetts Port Authority|Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)]], play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in [[Massachusetts#Politics|state politics]].{{efn|Since the [[Massachusetts State House]] is located in the city's [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] neighborhood, the term "Beacon Hill" is used as a [[metonym]] for the Massachusetts state government.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/30/business/beacon-hill-has-money-problem-too-much-it/ | title=Beacon Hill has a money problem: too much of it | work=Boston Globe | last=Leung | first=Shirley | date=August 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830190659/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/30/business/beacon-hill-has-money-problem-too-much-it/ | archive-date=August 30, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/10/tax-relief-in-the-form-of-beacon-hills-stalled-economic-development-bill-may-materialize-soon.html | title=Tax relief in the form of Beacon Hill's stalled economic development bill may materialize soon | last=Kuznitz | first=Alison | work=Masslive.com | date=October 27, 2022 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027221059/https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/10/tax-relief-in-the-form-of-beacon-hills-stalled-economic-development-bill-may-materialize-soon.html | archive-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>}} [[File:Federal Reserve from South Boston.jpg|thumb|The [[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]] at 600 [[Atlantic Avenue (Boston)|Atlantic Avenue]]]] Boston has several federal facilities, including the [[John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building]], the [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)|Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building]], the [[John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse]], and the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio |title=Massachusetts Real Estate Portfolio |publisher=United States General Services Administration |access-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805231858/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio }}</ref> The [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]] and the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]] are housed in The [[John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location | title=Court Location | publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709134634/https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location | archive-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio/john-joseph-moakley-us-courthouse | title=John Joseph Moakley U.S. Courthouse | publisher=United States General Services Administration| access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730060259/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio/john-joseph-moakley-us-courthouse | archive-date=July 30, 2024}}</ref> Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of Boston is in the [[Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|7th district]] and is represented by [[Ayanna Pressley]]. The remaining southern fourth is in the [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|8th district]] and is represented by [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/findyourreps.xpd?state=MA |title=Massachusetts's Representatives β Congressional District Maps |year=2007 |publisher=GovTrack.us |access-date=April 28, 2007 |archive-date=February 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212000116/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/findyourreps.xpd?state=MA |url-status=live }}</ref> Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the [[United States Senate]] is Democrat [[Elizabeth Warren]], first elected in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/warren-wins-083441 | title=Warren wins Mass. Senate race | work=[[Politico]] | last=Kim | first=Seung Min | date=November 6, 2012 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626143732/https://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/warren-wins-083441 | archive-date=June 26, 2016}}</ref> The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat [[Ed Markey]], who was elected in 2013 to succeed [[John Kerry]] after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the [[United States Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/massachusetts-senate-election-result-ed-markey-gabriel-gomez-093392 | title=Markey defeats Gomez in Mass. | last=Hohmann | first=James | date=June 25, 2013 | work=Politico | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205203250/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/massachusetts-senate-election-result-ed-markey-gabriel-gomez-093392 | archive-date=February 5, 2017}}</ref> {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 26, 2024 β Boston<ref>{{cite web |title=Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of October 26, 2024 |publisher=Massachusetts Elections Division |access-date=November 24, 2024 |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/elections/download/research-and-statistics/enrollment_count_20241105.pdf |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051327/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/enrollment_count_20181017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Number of voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;"| 174,046 | style="text-align:center;"| 39.69% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;"| 18,673 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.26% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | Unenrolled | style="text-align:center;"| 241,970 | style="text-align:center;"| 55.18% |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | Political Designations | style="text-align:center;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:center;"| 0.26% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 438,498 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} == Public safety == {{Further|Boston Police Department|Boston Fire Department|Boston Emergency Medical Services}} [[File:Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street.jpg|thumb|alt=White Boston Police car with blue and gray stripes down the middle|A [[Boston Police Department|Boston Police]] cruiser on [[Beacon Street]]]] Boston included $414 million in spending on the [[Boston Police Department]] in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.<ref name="Despite Strong Criticism Of Police Spending, Boston City Council Passes Budget">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/06/24/despite-strong-criticism-of-police-spending-boston-city-council-passes-budget |title=Despite Strong Criticism Of Police Spending, Boston City Council Passes Budget |last=Walters |first=Quincy |date=June 24, 2020 |publisher=WBUR |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319095732/https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/06/24/despite-strong-criticism-of-police-spending-boston-city-council-passes-budget |url-status=live }}</ref> Like many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the [[United States Attorney|United States Attorney and District Attorney]]'s offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". In 1999, murders in Boston dropped from 152 in 1990, a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people, to 31βnot one of them a juvenile, for a 1999 murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000.<ref name="End of a Miracle">{{cite web |url=http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/winship/End_of_a_Miracle.pdf |title=End of a Miracle? |last=Winship |first=Christopher |date=March 2002 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522063733/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/winship/End_of_a_Miracle.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2007}}</ref> According to the [[Uniform Crime Reports|Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program]] in 2022, Boston had 3,955 reported [[violent crime]]s, which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and 11,514 reported [[property crime]]s, which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. With a violent crime rate of 608.7 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is higher than Massachusetts' rate of 322 per 100,000 people and the national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. While Boston's property crime rate, at 1,772.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Massachusetts' property crime rate of 1,070.1 per 100,000 people, it is lower than the national property crime rate of 1,954.4 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend | title=Crime Data Explorer: Boston Police Department | year=2024 | access-date=September 17, 2024 | publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916195226/https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/home | archive-date=September 16, 2024}}</ref>{{efn|The crime rate per 100,000 is based on the 2022 population of 649,768 in relation to the number of reported crimes in 2022.<ref name="Boston2022Demographics">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP05?q=dp05%20boston&g=160XX00US2603000 | title=Boston city, Massachusetts - DP05: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates | year=2022 | access-date=September 17, 2024 | archive-date=September 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917071752/https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP05?q=dp05%20boston&g=160XX00US2603000 | url-status=live }}</ref>}} == Arts and culture == {{Main|Culture in Boston}} {{Further|List of annual events in Boston|List of arts organizations in Boston|Sites of interest in Boston}} [[File:Old_State_House_(49280448012).jpg|thumb|[[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]], a museum on the [[Freedom Trail]] near the site of the [[Boston Massacre]]]] [[File:Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg|thumb|In the 19th century, the [[Old Corner Bookstore]] became a gathering place for writers, including [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]], [[Henry David Thoreau|Thoreau]], and [[Margaret Fuller]]. [[James Russell Lowell]] printed the first editions of ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' at the store.]] [[File:Symphony Hall front view.jpg|thumb|[[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]] at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]]]] [[File:Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston,_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] at 465 [[Huntington Avenue]]]] Boston shares many [[Culture of New England|cultural roots with greater New England]], including a dialect of the non-[[Rhoticity in English|rhotic]] Eastern [[New England English|New England accent]] known as the [[Boston accent]]{{sfn|Vorhees|2009|p=52}} and a [[New England cuisine|regional cuisine]] with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.{{sfn|Vorhees|2009|pp=148β151}} Boston also has its own collection of [[neologism]]s known as ''Boston slang'' and [[sardonic]] humor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/05/25/my_word/ |url-access=subscription |title=Wicked good Bostonisms come, and mostly go |last=Baker |first=Billy |date=May 25, 2008 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |access-date=May 2, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040320/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/05/25/my_word/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the early 1800s, [[William Tudor (1779β1830)|William Tudor]] wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'<ref name="Vennochi">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/10/23/naacp-report-shows-side-boston-that-amazon-isn-seeing/eDmdfERav70OLfWige6cxO/story.html |url-access=subscription |title=NAACP report shows a side of Boston that Amazon isn't seeing |last=Vennochi |first=Joan |date=October 24, 2017 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124109/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/10/23/naacp-report-shows-side-boston-that-amazon-isn-seeing/eDmdfERav70OLfWige6cxO/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From this, Boston has been called the "[[Athens]] of America" (also a nickname of [[Philadelphia]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.librarycompany.org/artifacts/athens.htm |title=LCP Art & Artifacts |year=2007 |publisher=Library Company of Philadelphia |access-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505225944/http://librarycompany.org/artifacts/athens.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> for its [[literary genre|literary culture]], earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".<ref name="Bross-2008">{{cite book |title=Boston |last1=Bross |first1=Tom |last2=Harris |first2=Patricia |last3=Lyon |first3=David |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London, England |page=22}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Margaret Fuller]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] wrote in Boston. Some consider the [[Old Corner Bookstore]] to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' was first published.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Boston |last1=Bross |first1=Tom |last2=Harris |first2=Patricia |last3=Lyon |first3=David |date=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |page=59}}</ref> In 1852, the [[Boston Public Library]] was founded as the first free library in the United States.<ref name="Bross-2008" /> Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the [[Boston Book Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bostonbookfest.org/about-us/ | title=About Us | website=Boston Book Festival | year=2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804101102/https://bostonbookfest.org/about-us/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-05-16/bostons-new-chapter-a-literary-cultural-district | title=Boston's New Chapter: A Literary Cultural District | last=Tilak | first=Visi | newspaper=U.S. News & World Report | date=May 16, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518001524/https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-05-16/bostons-new-chapter-a-literary-cultural-district | archive-date=May 18, 2019}}</ref> Music is afforded a high degree of [[civic engagement|civic support]] in Boston. The [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] is one of the "[[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five]]", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine ''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]'' called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras |title=The world's greatest orchestras |website=Gramophone |access-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224060051/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]] (west of Back Bay) is home to the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] and the related [[Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras|Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra]], which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbf.org/-/media/tbforg/files/reports/thereforthearts.pdf | title=There For The Arts | publisher=The Boston Foundation | page=5 | year=2008β2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202120327/https://www.tbf.org/-/media/tbforg/files/reports/thereforthearts.pdf | archive-date=December 2, 2023| access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> and to the [[Boston Pops Orchestra]]. Other concerts are held at the [[New England Conservatory of Music|New England Conservatory]]'s [[Jordan Hall (Boston)|Jordan Hall]]. The [[Boston Ballet]] performs at the [[Boston Opera House (1980)|Boston Opera House]]. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the [[Boston Lyric Opera|Boston Lyric Opera Company]], [[Opera Boston]], [[Boston Baroque]] (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=175}} and the [[Handel and Haydn Society]] (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.handelandhaydn.org/learn/whoweare/whoweare_home.htm |title=Who We Are |year=2007 |publisher=Handel and Haydn Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427052402/http://www.handelandhaydn.org/learn/whoweare/whoweare_home.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> Boston is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the [[Boston Modern Orchestra Project]] and [[Boston Musica Viva]].{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=175}} Several theaters are in or near the [[Washington Street Theatre District|Theater District]] south of Boston Common, including the [[Cutler Majestic Theatre]], [[Citi Performing Arts Center]], the [[Colonial Theatre (Boston)|Colonial Theater]], and the [[Orpheum Theatre (Boston)|Orpheum Theatre]].{{sfn|Hull|2011|pp=53β55}} There are several major annual events, such as [[First Night]] which occurs on New Year's Eve, the [[Boston Early Music Festival]], the annual [[Boston Arts Festival]] at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston [[gay pride]] parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=207}} The city is the site of several events during the [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonharborfest.com/about.html |title=Boston Harborfest β About |year=2013 |publisher=Boston Harborfest Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506053501/http://www.bostonharborfest.com/about.html |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref> and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the [[Charles River]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.july4th.org/Our_Story/About_Us/ |title=Our Story: About Us |year=2010 |publisher=Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223235809/http://www.july4th.org/Our_Story/About_Us/ |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref> Several historic sites relating to the [[American Revolution]] period are preserved as part of the [[Boston National Historical Park]] because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the [[Freedom Trail]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.travtasy.com/2019/09/fun-things-to-do-in-boston-this-weekend.html |title=7 Fun Things to Do in Boston in 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223630/https://www.travtasy.com/2019/09/fun-things-to-do-in-boston-this-weekend.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/places/freedom-trail-start.htm | title=Start the Freedom Trail, Boston National Historical Park | publisher=National Park Service | date=September 2, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903012946/https://www.nps.gov/places/freedom-trail-start.htm | archive-date=September 3, 2021 | access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> The city is home to several art museums and galleries, including the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] and [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]].{{sfn|Hull|2011|pp=104β108}} The [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Contemporary Art]] is housed in a contemporary building designed by [[Diller Scofidio + Renfro]] in the [[Seaport District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html |title=Expansive Vistas Both Inside and Out |last=Ouroussoff |first=Nicolai |date=December 8, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309171700/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's South End Art and Design District ([[SoWa]]) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sowaboston.com/galleries |title=Art Galleries |website=SoWa Boston |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305183502/https://www.sowaboston.com/galleries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newbury-st.com/Boston/20/Art_Galleries |title=Art Galleries on Newbury Street, Boston |website=www.newbury-st.com |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304065404/http://www.newbury-st.com/Boston/20/Art_Galleries |url-status=live }}</ref> Columbia Point is the location of the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]], the [[Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate]], the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], and the [[Massachusetts Archives|Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum]]. The [[Boston AthenΓ¦um]] (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/38 |title=History of The Boston Athenaeum |year=2012 |publisher=Boston AthenΓ¦um |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422231156/https://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/38 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Boston Children's Museum]], [[Bull & Finch Pub]] (whose building is known from the television show ''[[Cheers]]''),{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=164}} [[Museum of Science (Boston)|Museum of Science]], and the [[New England Aquarium]] are within the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/massachusetts/boston/things-to-do/sights | title=145 Best Sights in Boston, Massachusetts | website=Fodor's Travel | date=2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519104056/https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/massachusetts/boston/things-to-do/sights | archive-date=May 19, 2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston]] serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the [[Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)|Cathedral of the Holy Cross]] (1875) in the South End, while the [[Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts]] serves just under 200 congregations, with the [[Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston|Cathedral Church of St. Paul]] (1819) as its episcopal seat. [[Unitarian Universalist Association|Unitarian Universalism]] has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Scientists]] are headquartered in Back Bay at the [[The First Church of Christ, Scientist|Mother Church]] (1894).<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=The Spiritual Traveler: Boston and New England: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places |last=Riess, Jana |publisher=Hidden Spring |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58768-008-3 |pages=64β125}}</ref> The oldest church in Boston is [[First Church in Boston]], founded in 1630.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstchurchboston.org/about/history |title=First Church in Boston History |publisher=First Church in Boston |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927112654/https://www.firstchurchboston.org/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> [[King's Chapel]] was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to [[Unitarianism]] in 1785. Other churches include [[Old South Church]] (1669), Christ Church (better known as [[Old North Church]], 1723), the oldest church building in the city, [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]] (1733), [[Park Street Church]] (1809), and [[Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help]] on [[Mission Hill, Boston|Mission Hill]] (1878).<ref name="auto"/> == Sports == {{Main|Sports in Boston}} [[File:131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg|thumb|[[Fenway Park]], home stadium of the [[Boston Red Sox]]. Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the [[List of Major League Baseball stadiums|oldest]] professional baseball stadium still in use.]] Boston has teams in [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|the four major North American men's professional sports leagues]] plus [[Major League Soccer]]. As of [[List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships|2024]], the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcsportsboston.com/news/city-most-championships-nba-nfl-mlb-nhl/621597/ | title=Which city has the most championships across the Big Four pro sports leagues? | last=Molski | first=Max | publisher=NBC Sports Boston | date=June 17, 2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817071752/https://www.nbcsportsboston.com/news/city-most-championships-nba-nfl-mlb-nhl/621597/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Boston Red Sox]], a founding member of the [[American League]] of [[Major League Baseball]] in 1901, play their home games at [[Fenway Park]], near [[Kenmore Square]], in the city's [[Fenway-Kenmore|Fenway]] section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Football League]], [[National Basketball Association]], and the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/team/_/name/bos |title=Fenway Park |year=2013 |work=ESPN |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=August 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232123/http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/mlb/id/2/fenway-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern [[World Series]], in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion [[Boston Americans]]<!-- This is historically and internally accurate. Please go to the discussion. --> and the NL champion [[Pittsburgh Pirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news |title=Hall of Fame third baseman led Boston to first AL pennant |last=Abrams |first=Roger I. |date=February 19, 2007 |publisher=National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902113322/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news |archive-date=September 2, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903 |title=1903 World Series β Major League Baseball: World Series History |year=2007 |publisher=Major League Baseball at MLB.com |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-date=August 27, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827080714/http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903 |url-status=dead}} This source, like many others, uses the erroneous "Pilgrims" name that is debunked by the Nowlin reference following.</ref> Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/articles/boston_pilgrims_story.shtml |title=The Boston Pilgrims Never Existed |last=Bill Nowlin |year=2008 |publisher=Baseball Almanac |access-date=April 3, 2008 |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511203400/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/articles/boston_pilgrims_story.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the [[National Association of Professional Base Ball Players|National Association]] in 1871, and of the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to [[Milwaukee]] after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in [[Atlanta]] as the [[Atlanta Braves]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/ |title=Braves History |year=2013 |publisher=Atlanta Brave (MLB) |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221162839/http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Celtics game versus the Timberwolves, February, 1 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=Professional basketball game between the Celtics and Timberwolves in a crowded arena|The [[Boston Celtics]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] playing at [[TD Garden]]]] [[TD Garden]], formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished [[Boston Garden]], is above [[North Station]] and is the home of two major league teams: the [[Boston Bruins]] of the [[National Hockey League]] and the [[Boston Celtics]] of the [[National Basketball Association]]. The Bruins were the first American member of the [[National Hockey League]] and an [[Original Six]] franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/hockey/nhlhistory/nhlhistory.html |title=National Hockey League (NHL) Expansion History |year=2004 |publisher=Rauzulu's Street |access-date=April 1, 2009 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210104/http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/hockey/nhlhistory/nhlhistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Boston Celtics were founding members of the [[Basketball Association of America]], one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.basketball.com/nba/history.shtml |title=NBA History β NBA Growth Timetable |publisher=Basketball.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331225200/http://www.basketball.com/nba/history.shtml |archive-date=March 31, 2009 |access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> The Celtics have [[List of NBA champions|won eighteen championships]], the most of any NBA team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2024 |title=Most NBA championships by team: Boston Celtics break tie with Los Angeles Lakers by winning 18th title |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/most-nba-championships-by-team-boston-celtics-break-tie-with-los-angeles-lakers-by-winning-18th-title/ |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=[[CBS Sports]] |language=en |archive-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031621/https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/most-nba-championships-by-team-boston-celtics-break-tie-with-los-angeles-lakers-by-winning-18th-title/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While they have played in suburban [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] since 1971, the [[New England Patriots]] of the [[National Football League]] were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the [[Super Bowl]] after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patriots.com/press-room/history |title=The History of the New England Patriots |year=2024 |publisher=New England Patriots |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801050840/https://www.patriots.com/press-room/history |archive-date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=August 21, 2024}}</ref> They share [[Gillette Stadium]] with the [[New England Revolution]] of [[Major League Soccer]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/gillette-stadium-new-england-revolution/ | title=Gillette Stadium/New England Revolution | website=Soccer Stadium Digest | date=2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224125545/https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/gillette-stadium-new-england-revolution/ | archive-date=February 24, 2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> Another team associated with Boston who plays outside the city is the [[Boston Fleet]] of the [[Professional Women's Hockey League|PWHL]], which plays at the [[Tsongas Center]] in nearby [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]. During the inaugural 2024 PWHL playoffs, the Fleet (then simply known as PWHL Boston) made it to the Walter Cup finals, where they lost to the Minnesota Frost (PWHL Minnesota at the time).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehockeynews.com/womens/pwhl/bostons-megan-keller-reflects-on-the-walter-cup-final-loss-previews-upcoming-pwhl-season | title=Boston's Megan Keller reflects on the Walter Cup Final loss, previews upcoming PWHL season | last=Wauthy | first=Alex | date=November 8, 2024 | access-date=February 22, 2025 | website=The Hockey News | archive-date=February 25, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225143125/https://thehockeynews.com/womens/pwhl/bostons-megan-keller-reflects-on-the-walter-cup-final-loss-previews-upcoming-pwhl-season | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG|thumb|[[Harvard Stadium]], the nation's first collegiate athletic stadium made of concrete]] The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I members play in the areaβ[[Boston College]], [[Boston University]], [[Harvard University]], and [[Northeastern University]]. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|Football Bowl Subdivision]]. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the [[Football Championship Subdivision]]. These four universities participate in the [[Beanpot (ice hockey)|Beanpot]], an annual men's and women's [[College ice hockey|ice hockey]] tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tdgarden.com/events/beanpot | title=The Dunkin' Beanpot | publisher=TD Garden | year=2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817071752/https://www.tdgarden.com/events/beanpot | url-status=live }}</ref> while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://womensbeanpot.com/results.php | title=Women's Beanpot All-Time Results | website=Women's Beanpot | year=2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-date=August 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804121655/https://womensbeanpot.com/results.php | url-status=live }}</ref> Boston has [[Esports]] teams, such as the [[Overwatch League]] (OWL)'s [[Boston Uprising]]. Established in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Krafts unveil new e-sports franchise team 'Boston Uprising' |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/10/boston_uprising_is_new_name_fo.html |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=masslive |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423041617/https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/10/boston_uprising_is_new_name_fo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Uprising Closes Out Perfect Stage In Overwatch League |url=https://compete.kotaku.com/boston-uprising-closes-out-perfect-stage-in-overwatch-l-1825801296 |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=Compete |date=May 5, 2018 |language=en-us |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511041010/https://compete.kotaku.com/boston-uprising-closes-out-perfect-stage-in-overwatch-l-1825801296 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Boston Breach]] is another esports team in the [[Call of Duty League]] (CDL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wooten |first=Tanner |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Boston Breach brand, roster officially revealed ahead of 2022 Call of Duty League season |url=https://dotesports.com/call-of-duty/news/boston-breach-brand-roster-officially-revealed-ahead-of-2022-cdl |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615210223/https://dotesports.com/call-of-duty/news/boston-breach-brand-roster-officially-revealed-ahead-of-2022-cdl |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the best-known sporting events in the city is the [[Boston Marathon]], the {{cvt|26.2|mi|adj=on}} race which is the world's oldest annual [[marathon]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonmarathon.org/BostonMarathon/RaceFacts.asp |title=B.A.A. Boston Marathon Race Facts |year=2007 |publisher=Boston Athletic Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418015010/http://www.bostonmarathon.org/BostonMarathon/RaceFacts.asp |archive-date=April 18, 2007 |access-date=April 29, 2007}}</ref> run on [[Patriots' Day]] in April. The [[Boston Red Sox|Red Sox]] traditionally play a home game starting around 11 a.m. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Conor |title=How long have the Red Sox played at 11 a.m. on Patriots Day? |url=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-marathon/2024/04/15/boston-red-sox-why-patriots-start-early-morning-patriots-day-marathon/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=www.boston.com |date=April 15, 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621171736/https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-marathon/2024/04/15/boston-red-sox-why-patriots-start-early-morning-patriots-day-marathon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another major annual event is the [[Head of the Charles Regatta]], held in October.<ref name="hocr-harvard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mcrew-lw/2011-12/releases/20111024aapf79 |title=Crimson Rules College Lightweights at Head of the Charles |date=October 23, 2011 |publisher=Harvard Athletic Communications |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081451/http://gocrimson.com/sports/mcrew-lw/2011-12/releases/20111024aapf79 |archive-date=May 1, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Major sports teams |- ! scope="col" | Team ! scope="col" | League ! scope="col" | Sport ! scope="col" | Venue ! scope="col" | Capacity ! scope="col" | Founded ! scope="col" | Championships |- ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Boston Red Sox]] | align=center | [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] | Baseball | [[Fenway Park]] | align=center | 37,755 | align=center | 1903 | 1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018 |- ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Boston Bruins]] | align=center | [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | Ice hockey | [[TD Garden]] | align=center | 17,850 | align=center | 1924 | 1928β29, 1938β39, 1940β41, 1969β70, 1971β72, 2010β11 |- ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Boston Celtics]] | align=center | [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] | Basketball | [[TD Garden]] | align=center | 19,156 | align=center | 1946 | 1956β57, 1958β59, 1959β60, 1960β61, 1961β62, 1962β63, 1963β64, 1964β65, 1965β66, 1967β68, 1968β69, 1973β74, 1975β76, 1980β81, 1983β84, 1985β86, 2007β08, 2023β24 |- ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[New England Patriots]] | align=center | [[National Football League|NFL]] | American football | [[Gillette Stadium]] | align=center | 65,878 | align=center | 1960 | 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018 |- ! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[New England Revolution]] | align=center | [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] | Soccer | [[Gillette Stadium]] | align=center | 20,000 | align=center | 1996 | None |} == Parks and recreation == [[File:Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[Boston Common]] in [[Downtown Boston]]]] [[Boston Common]], near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.{{sfn|Morris|2005|p=61}} Along with the adjacent [[Public Garden (Boston)|Boston Public Garden]], it is part of the [[Emerald Necklace]], a string of parks designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the [[Back Bay Fens]], [[Arnold Arboretum]], [[Jamaica Pond]], Boston's largest body of freshwater, and [[Franklin Park (Boston)|Franklin Park]], the city's largest park and home of the [[Franklin Park Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/emerald/Franklin_Park.asp |title=Franklin Park |year=2007 |publisher=City of Boston |access-date=April 28, 2007 |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822104401/http://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/emerald/Franklin_Park.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Another major park is the [[Charles River Esplanade|Esplanade]], along the banks of the Charles River. The [[Hatch Shell]], an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near [[Castle Island (Massachusetts)|Castle Island]] and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/pdfs/OSP2010/OSP0814_3_CommunitySetting.pdf |title=Open Space Plan 2008β2014: Section 3 Community Setting |date=January 2008 |publisher=City of Boston Parks & Recreation |access-date=February 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515113824/https://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/pdfs/OSP2010/OSP0814_3_CommunitySetting.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Media == {{Main|Media in Boston}} {{see also|Boston in fiction#Film|Boston in fiction#Video games}} === Newspapers === {{Main list|Media in Boston#Newspapers | l1 = List of Newspapers in Boston }} ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city<ref name="encyclo globe">{{Cite news |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/boston-globe/ |title=The Boston Globe |work=Encyclo |publisher=[[Nieman Lab]] |access-date=June 24, 2017 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061645/https://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/boston-globe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is generally acknowledged as its [[paper of record]].<ref name="Boston Globe history">{{cite web |title=History of the Boston Globe |url=https://globe.library.northeastern.edu/history-of-the-boston-globe/ |website=The Boston Globe Library |publisher=[[Northeastern University]] |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109082601/https://globe.library.northeastern.edu/history-of-the-boston-globe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston is served by other publications such as the ''[[Boston Herald]]'', ''[[Boston (magazine)|Boston]] magazine'', ''[[DigBoston]]'', and the Boston edition of ''[[Metro International|Metro]]''. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.<ref name="csm-media">{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0327/p09s01-coop.html |title=Editor's message about changes at the Monitor |date=March 27, 2009 |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=July 13, 2009 |archive-date=March 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328142240/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0327/p09s01-coop.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Boston Globe'' also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called ''Teens in Print'' or ''T.i.P.'', which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/writeboston/TIP.asp |title=WriteBoston β T.i.P |year=2007 |publisher=City of Boston |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207050847/http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/writeboston/TIP.asp |archive-date=February 7, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> ''[[The Improper Bostonian]]'', a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 to April 2019. The city's growing [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] population has given rise to a number of local and regional [[Spanish language|Spanish-language]] newspapers. These include ''[[El Planeta]]'' (owned by the former publisher of the ''[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|Boston Phoenix]]''), ''El Mundo'', and ''La Semana''. ''Siglo21'', with its main offices in nearby [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], is also widely distributed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/09/06/a_new_day_dawns_for_a_spanish_language_publication/ |title=A new day dawns for a Spanish-language publication |last=Diaz, Johnny |date=September 6, 2008 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131241/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/09/06/a_new_day_dawns_for_a_spanish_language_publication/ |url-status=live }}</ref> LGBT publications serve Boston's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as ''The Rainbow Times'', the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, ''The Rainbow Times'' is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/01/26/bay_windows_acquires_monthly_paper/ |title=Bay Windows acquires monthly paper |last=Diaz, Johnny |date=January 26, 2011 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070725/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/01/26/bay_windows_acquires_monthly_paper/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Radio and television === {{Main list|Media in Boston#Radio | l1 = List of Radio and TV Stations in Boston|Boston in fiction#Television|Media in Boston#TV stations }} Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp |title=Arbitron β Market Ranks and Schedule, 1β50 |date=Fall 2005 |publisher=Arbitron |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-date=July 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710153242/http://www.arbitron.com/Radio_Stations/mm001050.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Several major [[AM broadcasting|AM]] stations include [[talk radio]] [[WRKO]], [[sports radio|sports]]/talk station [[WEEI (AM)|WEEI]], and [[all-news radio|news radio]] [[WBZ (AM)]]. WBZ is a 50,000 watt "[[clear-channel station|clear channel]]" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/am-broadcast-station-classes-clear-regional-and-local-channels |title=AM Broadcast Classes; Clear, Regional, and Local Channels |date=January 20, 2012 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430090244/http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/am-broadcast-station-classes-clear-regional-and-local-channels |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref> A variety of commercial [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[radio format]]s serve the area, as do [[National Public Radio|NPR]] stations [[WBUR]] and [[WGBH (FM)|WGBH]]. College and university radio stations include [[WERS]] (Emerson), [[WHRB]] (Harvard), [[WUMB]] (UMass Boston), [[WMBR]] (MIT), [[WZBC]] (Boston College), [[WMFO]] (Tufts University), [[WBRS]] (Brandeis University), [[WRBB]] (Northeastern University) and [[WMLN-FM]] (Curry College).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Boston&state=MA | title=radio-locator:Boston, Massachusetts | website=radio-locator | year=2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204182548/https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Boston&state=MA | archive-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> The Boston television [[Designated market area|DMA]], which also includes [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/docs/nielsen-audio/populations-rankings-fall-2015.pdf |title=Nielsen Survey |website=nielsen.com |access-date=November 27, 2015 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412072411/https://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/docs/nielsen-audio/populations-rankings-fall-2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is served by stations representing every major [[List of United States broadcast television networks|American network]], including [[WBZ-TV]] 4 and its sister station [[WSBK-TV]] 38 (the former a [[CBS]] [[Owned-and-operated station|O&O]], the latter an [[Independent station (North America)|independent station]]), [[WCVB-TV]] 5 and its sister station [[WMUR-TV]] 9 (both [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WHDH (TV)|WHDH]] 7 and its sister station [[WLVI]] 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a [[The CW|CW]] affiliate), [[WBTS-CD]] 15 (an [[NBC]] O&O), and [[WFXT-TV|WFXT]] 25 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]). The city is also home to [[PBS]] member station [[WGBH-TV]] 2, a major producer of PBS programs,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wgbh.org/about/index.cfm |title=About Us: From our President |year=2013 |publisher=WGBH |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305145846/http://www.wgbh.org/about/index.cfm |archive-date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref> which also operates [[WGBX]] 44. Spanish-language television networks, including [[UniMΓ‘s]] ([[WUTF-TV]] 27), [[Telemundo]] ([[WNEU]] 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and [[UnivisiΓ³n]] ([[WUNI]] 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUNI serving as network [[owned-and-operated stations]]. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] along the [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128 corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonradio.org/route-128.html |title=The Route 128 tower complex |year=2007 |publisher=The Boston Radio Archives |access-date=April 28, 2007 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224124120/https://www.bostonradio.org/route-128.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/satlist.htm | title=Revised list of non-Canadian programming services and stations authorized for distribution | publisher=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission | year=2024 | access-date=August 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124023036/https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/satlist.htm | archive-date=January 24, 2024}}</ref> == Infrastructure == {{Main|Infrastructure in Boston}} === Healthcare === {{Further|List of hospitals in Massachusetts#Boston|Boston Public Health Commission}} [[File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]], one of the world's most prestigious medical schools]] Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]], adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[DanaβFarber Cancer Institute]], and [[Joslin Diabetes Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.masco.org/masco/about-masco |title=About MASCO |year=2007 |publisher=MASCO β Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133759/https://www.masco.org/masco/about-masco |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent medical facilities, including [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], [[Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary]] and [[Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital]] are in the [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.massgeneral.org/about/overview.aspx |title=Hospital Overview |year=2013 |publisher=Massachusetts General Hospital |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807080320/https://www.massgeneral.org/about/overview.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tufts Medical Center]] (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the [[Chinatown, Boston|Chinatown]] neighborhood, is affiliated with [[Tufts University School of Medicine]]. [[Boston Medical Center]], in the [[South End, Boston|South End]] neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the [[Boston University School of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmc.org/about/facts06.pdf |title=Boston Medical Center β Facts |date=November 2006 |publisher=[[Boston Medical Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203221200/http://www.bmc.org/about/facts06.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |access-date=February 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/bcrp/Site2213/mainpageS2213P2.html |title=Boston Medical Center |year=2007 |publisher=Children's Hospital Boston |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815192727/http://www.childrenshospital.org/bcrp/Site2213/mainpageS2213P2.html |archive-date=August 15, 2007 |access-date=November 14, 2007}}</ref> [[Boston Medical Center β Brighton]] (formerly St. Elizabeth's Medical Center) is located in the [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]] neighborhood. [[New England Baptist Hospital]] is in Mission Hill. [[VA Boston Healthcare System|The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers]] in the [[Jamaica Plain, Boston|Jamaica Plain]] and [[West Roxbury, Boston|West Roxbury]] neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.va.gov/directory/guide/rpt_fac_list.cfm?isflash=0 |title=Facility Listing Report |year=2007 |publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324083934/http://www1.va.gov/directory/guide/rpt_fac_list.cfm?isflash=0 |archive-date=March 24, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2007}}</ref> === Transportation === {{Main|Transportation in Boston}} [[File:RedLineCharlesMGH.jpg|thumb|alt=A silver and red rapid transit train departing an above-ground station|An [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]] train departing Boston for [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2013-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |title=Statistics |website=apta.com |access-date=December 8, 2014 |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113041000/https://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2013-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Logan International Airport]], in [[East Boston]] and operated by the [[Massachusetts Port Authority]] (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massport.com/logan/about.asp |title=About Logan |year=2007 |publisher=Massport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521101738/http://www.massport.com/logan/about.asp |archive-date=May 21, 2007 |access-date=May 9, 2007}}</ref> Nearby [[general aviation]] airports are [[Beverly Regional Airport]] and [[Lawrence Municipal Airport (Massachusetts)|Lawrence Municipal Airport]] to the north, [[Hanscom Field]] to the west, and [[Norwood Memorial Airport]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/environmental/environmental_documents/bos/rod_boston.pdf | title=Airside Improvements Planning Project, Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts | date=August 2, 2002 | publisher=Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration | access-date=August 16, 2024 | page=52 | archive-date=August 16, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816042106/https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/environmental/environmental_documents/bos/rod_boston.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Massport also operates several major facilities within the [[Port of Boston]], including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in [[South Boston]], and other facilities in [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] and [[East Boston]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx |title=About Port of Boston |year=2013 |publisher=Massport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225202220/http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref> Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a [[Grid plan|planned grid]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shurtleff, Arthur A. |date=January 1911 |title=The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston |url=https://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Landscape Architecture 1 |pages=71β83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029071305/http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm |archive-date=October 29, 2010}}</ref> unlike those in later-developed [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]], [[East Boston]], the [[South End, Boston|South End]], and [[South Boston, Boston|South Boston]]. Boston is the eastern terminus of [[Interstate 90#Massachusetts|I-90]], which in Massachusetts runs along the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]]. The [[Central Artery]] follows [[Interstate 93#Massachusetts|I-93]] as the primary northβsouth artery that carries most of the through traffic in Downtown Boston. Other major highways include [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|US 1]], which carries traffic to the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] and areas south of Boston, [[U.S. Route 3#Massachusetts|US 3]], which connects to the northwestern suburbs, [[Massachusetts Route 3|MA 3]], which connects to the [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] and [[Cape Cod]], and [[Massachusetts Route 2|MA 2]] which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is [[Massachusetts Route 128|MA 128]], a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] and I-93).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/official-transportation-map-english/download | title=Massachusetts Official Transportation Map | year=2024 | publisher=Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) | access-date=August 16, 2024 | archive-date=December 1, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201060239/https://www.mass.gov/doc/official-transportation-map-english/download | url-status=live }}</ref> With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the [[List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership|fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf |title=Census and You |date=January 1996 |publisher=US Census Bureau |page=12 |access-date=February 19, 2007 |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104429/https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |journal=Governing |date=December 9, 2014 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=May 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Boston's public transportation agency, the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the [[Americas]] and is the [[List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership|fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country]],{{sfn|Hull|2011|p=42}} with {{cvt|65.5|mi|0}} of track on four lines.<ref name="light rail">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm |title=Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview |date=May 2003 |publisher=Light Rail Progress |access-date=February 19, 2007 |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104432/https://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.<ref name="light rail" /> [[File:Boston-South-Station.jpg|thumb|[[South Station]], the busiest rail hub in [[New England]] and a terminus for [[Amtrak]] and numerous [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] rail lines]] [[Amtrak]] intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: [[South Station]], [[North Station]], [[Back Bay station|Back Bay]], and [[Route 128 station|Route 128]]. South Station is a major [[Intermodal passenger transport|intermodal transportation]] hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's ''[[Northeast Regional]]'', ''[[Acela Express]]'', and ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the ''Acela Express'' and ''Northeast Regional''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93 |title=WestwoodβRoute 128 Station, MA (RTE) |year=2007 |publisher=Amtrak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822004651/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93 |archive-date=August 22, 2008 |access-date=May 9, 2007}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] ''[[Downeaster (train)|Downeaster]]'' to [[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]], Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93 |title=BostonβSouth Station, MA (BOS) |year=2007 |publisher=Amtrak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418170534/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93 |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=May 9, 2007}}</ref> Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the [[List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters|highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country]] out of the major American cities.<ref>Of cities over 250,000 {{Cite web |url=http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0. |title=Carfree Database Results β Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000) |year=2007 |publisher=Bikes at Work Inc. |access-date=February 26, 2007 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190239/http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0. |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, [[Walk Score]] ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.<ref name="WalkScore">{{Cite web |url=https://www.walkscore.com/MA/Boston |title=Boston |website=Walk Score |year=2024 |access-date=August 16, 2024 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518155430/https://www.walkscore.com/MA/Boston |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg|thumb|[[Bluebikes]] in Boston]] Boston has one of the highest rates of [[bicycle commuting]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf |title=Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them β Another Look |year=2003 |publisher=Dill bike facilities |page=5 |access-date=April 4, 2007 |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613235942/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The bikeshare program [[Bluebikes]], originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/ |title=Hub set to launch bike-share program |last=Moskowitz, Eric |date=April 21, 2011 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194948/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The system has 480 stations with a total of 4,500 bikes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bluebikes.com/ |title=Bluesbikes Boston β Explore the city|access-date=September 11, 2024 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905175327/https://bluebikes.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[PBSC Urban Solutions]] provides bicycles and technology for this [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike-sharing system]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html |title=Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations |last=RedEye |date=May 8, 2015 |access-date=August 3, 2016 |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815075453/http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Notable people == {{Main|List of people from Boston}} == International relations == The City of Boston has eleven official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities |title=Sister Cities |date=July 18, 2017 |publisher=City of Boston |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195041/https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kyoto]], Japan (1959) *{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Strasbourg]], France (1960) *{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain (1980) *{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China (1982) *{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Padua]], Italy (1983) *{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia (1985) *{{flagdeco|MOZ}} [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], Mozambique (1990) *{{flagdeco|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1996) *{{flagdeco|GHA}} [[Sekondi-Takoradi]], Ghana (2001) *{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland (2014) *{{flagdeco|CPV}} [[Praia]], Cape Verde (2015) Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding with five additional cities or regions: *{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm |title=Friendly Cities |publisher=Guangzhou People's Government |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213249/http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Lyon]], France (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze |title=MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE |last=City of Boston |date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=City of Boston |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031456/https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|DNK}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration |title=CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION |publisher=City of Cambridge |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195049/https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8ug7joD9aw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/F8ug7joD9aw|archive-date=November 14, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera β Promo |last=Boston City TV |date=April 4, 2017 |publisher=City of Boston |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|IRL}} North West of Ireland, Ireland (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston |title=Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU |last=Derry City & Strabane District Council |date=November 17, 2017 |publisher=Derry City & Strabane District Council |language=en |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305082231/https://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|United States|Massachusetts |New England|Geography|Cities}} * [[Boston Citgo Sign]] * [[Boston City League]] (high-school athletic conference) * [[Boston nicknames]] * [[BostonβHalifax relations]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Boston]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Boston]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston]] * [[Outline of Boston]] * [[USS Boston|USS ''Boston'']], seven ships == Notes == {{Notelist|30em}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Works cited == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bluestone |first1=Barry |title=The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis|last2=Stevenson |first2=Mary Huff |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-61044-072-1}} * {{Citation | last=Bolino | first=August C. | title=Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society | publisher=iUniverse | year=2012 | isbn=9781475933765}} * {{Cite book |last=Christopher |first=Paul J. |title=50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit|publisher=Encouragement Press, LLC. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-933766-01-0}} * {{Cite book |title=The Rough Guide to Boston |last=Hull |first=Sarah |publisher=Penguin |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4053-8247-2 |edition=6}} * {{Cite book |title=Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630 |last=Kennedy |first=Lawrence W. |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-87023-923-6}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonglobeguide00jerr |title=The Boston Globe Guide to Boston |last=Morris |first=Jerry |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7627-3430-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Vorhees |first=Mara |title=Lonely Planet Boston City Guide |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-74179-178-5 |edition=4th}} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{Main list|Bibliography of Boston}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Beagle |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Penn |first2=Elan |year=2006 |title=Boston: A Pictorial Celebration |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-4027-1977-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Robin |last2=The Boston Globe |year=2009 |title=Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonssecretspa0000unse |edition=1st |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-5062-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Hantover |first1=Jeffrey |last2=King |first2=Gilbert |year=2008 |title=City in Time: Boston |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-4027-3300-0}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Holli |editor1-first=Melvin G. |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=Peter d'A. |year=1981 |title=Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820β1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-21134-8 }} Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980βsee [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1/page/406/mode/2up index at pp. 406β411] for list. * {{cite book |last=O'Connell |first=James C. |year=2013 |title=The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01875-3}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Thomas H. |year=2000 |title=Boston: A to Z |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00310-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Michael |last2=Sammarco |first2=Anthony Mitchell |year=2000 |title=Boston's Immigrants, 1840β1925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbMBOZux_Js |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7524-0921-4 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Krieger |editor1-first=Alex |editor2-last=Cobb |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Turner |editor3-first=Amy |year=2001 |title=Mapping Boston |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-61173-2}} * {{cite book |last=Seasholes |first=Nancy S. |year=2003 |title=Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/gaininggroundhis0000seas |url-access=registration |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-19494-5}} * {{cite book |last=Shand-Tucci |first=Douglass |year=1999 |title=Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800β2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0 |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-201-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Southworth |first1=Michael |last2=Southworth |first2=Susan |year=2008 |title=AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods |edition=3rd |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-4337-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Vrabel |first1=Jim |author2=Bostonian Society |year=2004 |title=When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac |url=https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Northeastern University Press |isbn=978-1-55553-620-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Whitehill |first1=Walter Muir |last2=Kennedy |first2=Lawrence W. |year=2000 |title=Boston: A Topographical History |url=https://archive.org/details/bostontopographi00whit_1 |edition=3rd |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00268-5}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links |collapsible=collapsed |voy=Boston }} *{{Official website|boston.gov}} *[http://www.bostonusa.com/ Visit Boston], official tourism website * {{OSM relation|2315704}} *{{cite NSRW |wstitle=Boston |short=x}} *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Boston (Massachusetts) |display=Boston |volume=4 |pages=290β296 |short=1 }} *[https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=%22Boston+%28Mass.%29--Maps%22&search_field=subject Historical Maps of Boston] from the [[Norman B. Leventhal Map Center]] at the [[Boston Public Library]] {{BostonMA}} {{Navboxes |title=Other articles relating to Boston |list= {{Boston landmarks}} {{Public art in Boston}} {{Suffolk County, Massachusetts}} {{Greater_Boston}} {{Massachusetts}} {{Massachusetts county seats}}}} {{New England}} {{Northeast US}} {{Northeast Megalopolis}} {{US state capitals}} {{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}} {{USPopulousCities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Boston| ]] [[Category:Greater Boston| ]] [[Category:1630 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony]] [[Category:Cities in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Cities in Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:County seats in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text]] [[Category:Irish-American culture in Boston]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1630]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Massachusetts]] [[Category:State capitals in the United States]] [[Category:Tech hubs]]
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