Editing Undue influence (section)

=== Clinical models of undue influence ===
Clinical models have been developed in an effort to assist clinicians and practitioners in determining if UI is present and to build a legal case. Some of the most prevalent models are discussed below.

==== The IDEAL model ====
The IDEAL model was developed by the psychiatrist Bennet Blum, M.D., it emphasized the social conditions frequently observed in cases of alleged undue influence.<ref name=":3"/> It focuses on five aspects:

* Isolation from friends and family
* dependency on the perpetrator
* emotional manipulation of the victim
* the acquiescence of the victim as a result of the three previous factors
* the financial loss of the victim<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/>

====  The SCAM model ====
The SCAM model was developed by Susan I. Bernantz, Ph.D., it contains four elements regarding undue influence:

* Susceptibility of the victim
* Presence of a confidential and trusting relationship between the victim and perpetrator
* initiation (active procurement) of financial transactions by the perpetrator
* monetary loss of the victim<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/>

====  The IPA analysis framework ====
The IPA analysis framework is the result of a task force formed by The International Psychogeriatrics Association called Testamentary Capacity and Undue Influence. It consists of reviews on international law and common legal definitions of undue influence.<ref name=":3"/> The authors noted risk factors which include:

'''Environmental risk factors'''
* social isolation
* family conflict
* dependency, especially if a change in circumstances occurred
'''Psychological risk factors'''
* physical disability
* substance use
* cognitive impairment
* mental illness<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/>