Editing Independent Catholicism (section)

===Subsequent departures===
The 20th century has seen a number of clergy and laity move into the Independent Catholic movement from the Catholic Church.

====Czechoslovak Hussite Church====
Perhaps the largest departure from the Catholic Church was the [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]] (CHC), which organized on 8 January 1920, when several thousand priests and laypeople formed an independent church in response to their deep concerns over the Catholic Church's opposition to [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernism]].{{Sfn | Plummer | 2004 | p = 23}}  The church's first patriarch was [[Karel Farský]] (1880–1927), a modernist and former Catholic priest. The first bishops of the CHC were consecrated by priests through the laying on of hands. In 1931, [[:fr:Louis-Charles Winnaert|Louis-Charles Winnaert]] (1880–1937), who was consecrated by [[Liberal Catholic Church|Liberal Catholic]] bishop [[James Wedgwood]] (1883–1951), consecrated two CHC bishops, [[:cs:Gustav Adolf Procházka|Gustav Procházka]] (1872–1942) and [[:cs:Josef Rostislav Stejskal|Rostislav Stejskal]] (1894–1946), thus sharing [[apostolic succession]] with the CHC.{{Sfn | Plummer | 2004 | p = 23}}  The CHC ordained its first [[woman priest]] in 1947, and it consecrated its first [[Female bishops|woman bishop]] in 1999. According to the 2011 [[Czech Republic]] census, 39,276 people at that time self-identified as members of the CHC.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf |title=Úvodní stránka | work = SLDB 2011 |publisher=Czso |date=2014-11-14 |access-date=2015-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224923/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/%24File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04}}</ref>

====Carlos Duarte Costa====
[[File:Mons. Carlos Duarte Costa y Mons. Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez durante la consagración episcopal en el canal de Panamá.jpg|thumb|right|Catholic bishop Carlos Duarte (left) at the episcopal consecration of Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez, at the Panama Canal]]
[[Carlos Duarte Costa]] (1888–1961) was a [[Catholic]] bishop in [[Brazil]] for twenty years before distancing himself, and being excommunicated by the Catholic Church over his opposition to its position on [[clerical celibacy]], [[divorce]], [[vernacular]] liturgy, and accused the Catholic Church of [[fascist]] sympathies.{{Sfn | Jarvis | 2019 | pp = 69–78}} In 1945, Duarte Costa founded the [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]] and began consecrating numerous bishops in the [[apostolic succession]]. He is known as "St. Charles of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, which had grown to 560,781 members by 2010.<ref>"Tabela 2103 – População residente, por situação do domicílio, sexo, grupos de idade e religião: Religião = Católica Apostólica Brasileira".  [http://sidra.ibge.gov.br/  Censo Demográfico] 2010 (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, BR: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. Retrieved 2015-10-09.</ref>

====Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc====

From 1975 until his death in 1984, exiled Catholic archbishop [[Ngô Đình Thục]] (1897–1984) of [[Huế]], Vietnam, an older brother of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], the first president of [[South Vietnam]], consecrated a number of bishops, first for the [[Palmarian Catholic Church]], then for the [[sedevacantists]] of the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church.{{Sfn | Jarvis | 2018}}

==== Emmanuel Milingo ====
[[Emmanuel Milingo]] served as Catholic archbishop of [[Lusaka, Zambia]] from 1969 to 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Tracy Wilkinson Former staff writer Tracy Wilkinson covered foreign affairs from the Los Angeles Times’ |last2=D.C. |last3=bureau. |date=2006-09-27 |title=Pope Excommunicates African Prelate With History of Defiance |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-27-fg-milingo27-story.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He resigned in 1982 over the issues of [[faith healing]] and exorcism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatican ousts rogue African archbishop: Milingo excommunicated after installing married bishops |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2006-10/vatican-ousts-rogue-african-archbishop |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Christian Century |language=en}}</ref> After marrying, Milingo formed [[Married Priests Now!]], and ordained married priests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milingo: God approved my decision to ordain married priests {{!}} News Headlines |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=6515 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref> He also consecrated four married priests as bishops, including [[George A. Stallings, Jr.|George Stallings]] of [[Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation]] and [[Peter Paul Brennan]] of the Old Catholic Confederation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy See Press Communiqué {{!}} EWTN |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/holy-see-press-communiqu-2598 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=EWTN Global Catholic Television Network |language=en}}</ref>

==== Telesphore George Mpundu ====
In 2024 the former Catholic archbishop of Lusaka, [[Telesphore George Mpundu]], secretly consecrated Anthony Ward for the [[Servants of the Holy Family]]; and by November 2025, Mpundu and Ward "received notice" from Cardinal [[Víctor Manuel Fernández|Victor Manuel Fernandez]], that they had incurred [[Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae|''latae sententiae'']] excommunication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servants of the Holy Family founder breaks silence on excommunication after covert consecration |url=https://thecatholicherald.com/article/servants-of-the-holy-family-founder-breaks-silence-on-covert-consecration-and-excommunication |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=thecatholicherald.com |language=en}}</ref> The excommunication has been disregarded by the group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leader of schismatic Colorado Springs group disregards excommunication |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/268311/leader-of-schismatic-colorado-springs-group-disregards-excommunication |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref>