Editing Bruderhof Communities (section)

=== Paraguay (1941–1961; 2010–present) ===
[[File:Bruderhof in Paraguay.jpg|thumb|Cattle Round-up in Paraguay]]
In 1941, the Bruderhof emigrated from England to Paraguay — at the time the only country that would accept a pacifist community of mixed nationalities. This move was assisted and facilitated by the [[Mennonite Central Committee]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Community">{{cite book|last1=Levinson|first1=David|last2=Christensen|first2=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, California|pages=105}}</ref>

Starting in the hostile [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] region, the Bruderhof then relocated to eastern Paraguay where three settlements were founded on a large tract of land called Primavera.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Lasting Home: A Year in the Paraguayan Wilderness|last=Barth|first=Emmy|publisher=Plough|year=2009|isbn=978-0874869453}}</ref> Bruderhof members founded a hospital for community members and local Paraguayans. The only clinic in the area, it served tens of thousands for the next two decades. By the early 1960s, the community in Paraguay had grown significantly and was attracting visitors from North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/354360788/Community-in-Paraguay-A-Visit-to-the-Bruderhof|title=Community in Paraguay – A Visit to the Bruderhof {{!}} Skirt {{!}} Altar|via=Scribd|access-date=July 21, 2017}}</ref>

In 1942, several leaders of the community came in conflict with a group of members over the community's trajectory. This group, which included the founder's wife Emmy Arnold, argued that the founder's vision was rooted in a [[Pietism|pietistic]] faith in [[Jesus Christ]], not primarily in communitarian ideals. Eventually the church leadership, headed by the founder's son-in-law Hans Zumpe, banished the dissidents from the Bruderhof. Those who supported them were silenced, often with harsh discipline.

Eventually allowed back to join their families, the dissidents re-joined the community. One of them, Johann Heinrich Arnold, a son of Eberhard and Emmy Arnold, was sent with his family to the United States to raise funds and eventually started a new community called Woodcrest, in [[Rifton, New York]], in 1954. Over the following years, conflicts between Zumpe and Arnold continued, culminating in a crisis resulting in Zumpe being relieved of his leadership role by the community. Zumpe left the community in 1960 after revelations of personal issues.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Homage to a Broken Man|last=Mommsen|first=Peter|year=2015 |publisher=Plough|isbn=978-0874866131}}</ref>

Many members who supported Zumpe, and some who were confused by the turmoil, left or were asked to leave the community. Eventually, the communities in Paraguay were dissolved and the members who remained relocated to the United States. Many of those who left the community during the 1960s later returned, but some remained outside of the community and formed a group of critics of the Bruderhof. Their stories formed the basis for the 2000 book written by Julius Rubin, ''The Other Side of Joy: Religious Melancholy among the Bruderhof.''<ref>Julius H. Rubin: ''The Other Side of Joy: Religious Melancholy among the Bruderhof'', New York and Oxford, 2000, pages 132-155.</ref> Rubin himself never visited the Bruderhof.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Randall|first=Ian M.|date=October 1, 2014|title=Church Community is a Gift of the Holy Spirit – The Spirituality of the Bruderhof Community|ssrn=2536364|location=Rochester, NY|publisher=Social Science Research Network}}</ref>

In 2010, the Bruderhof opened the Villa Primavera Community in [[Asunción]], Paraguay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bruderhof.com/en/where-we-are#paraguay|title=Where We Are|website=Bruderhof|access-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref>