Editing Palmarian Catholic Church (section)

====Marian apparitions, Spain and the Second Vatican Council====
{{Main|Marian apparitions|Traditionalist Catholicism}}

[[File:Our Lady of La Salette.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Virgin Mary]] as she would have appeared as [[Our Lady of La Salette]] in 1846. This initiated a series of [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] Marian apparitions, warning modern man of a coming great chastisement.]]
A series of [[Marian apparitions]] starting in the 19th century have led to what Magnus Lundberg calls Marian Apocalyptic Movements.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=29}} These apparitions typically feature the [[Virgin Mary]] bearing an important [[eschatological]] message that warns humanity of a coming chastisement from God for its sinful behaviour and [[apostasy]] which will be followed by a period of peace and virtue for the faithful. When humanity then returns to its sinful ways, a more fearsome chastisement culminates in a final [[world war]] that marks the end of the world.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=32}} Some of these apparitions have been investigated by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and declared worthy of belief and veneration.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=29}} Palmarians regard several as important steps on the way to the appearance of Our Lady of Palmar, specifically those of [[Our Lady of La Salette|La Salette]] (1846),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=33}} [[Our Lady of Fátima|Fátima]] (1917),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=35}} [[Ezkio]]ga (1931),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=36}} [[Heroldsbach]] (1949),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=39}} [[:pt:Maria da Conceição Mendes Horta|Ladeira do Pinheiro]] (1960),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=42}} [[San Giorgio Piacentino|San Damiano]] (1961),{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=41}} and [[Our Lady of Garabandal|Garabandal]] (1961).{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=40}}

The apparitions of El Palmar de Troya took place in Spain at a time of religious and political upheaval, during the final decade that [[Francisco Franco]] was ''[[List of heads of state of Spain|Caudillo]]'' of the [[Francoist Spain|Spanish State]].{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=14}} The government had been established in the aftermath of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and during the war the nationalists identified themselves as engaged in a "[[Crusade]] against the [[Second Spanish Republic]] 1919-1939, international communism and freemasonry."{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=14}} Before and during the Civil War, many [[Red Terror (Spain)|Catholic clerics were killed]] by the republican side and in some places the [[Catholic Church]] had to go underground. After victory, under Franco, [[National Catholicism]] was adopted in Spain, whereby [[Spanishness]] and Catholicism were presented as being inseparable.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=15}} In the worldview of [[Francoism]], Spain was a "providential nation, being a faithful Catholic bulwark against [[liberalism]], [[Freemasonry]], [[Protestantism]] and [[communism]]".{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=15}} Spain was a [[confessional state]] and this broadly had the support of the church; however, by the 1940s, there was some concerns about the power of the state subordinating the church and after the [[Second Vatican Council]] in the 1960s, the high episcopacy, particularly Cardinal [[Vicente Enrique y Tarancón]] began to push against Franco for "reforms" and the creation of a more modern state.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=16}} This was not unanimous and some Spanish priests belonging to the ''[[:es:Hermandad Sacerdotal Española|Hermandad Sacerdotal Española]]'' backed Francoists against the new liberal-leaning line of the [[Spanish Episcopal Conference]] and the Vatican.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=17}}

Following the Second Vatican Council, which took place between 1962 and 1965, there emerged a new openness to [[religious liberty]], [[ecumenism]], [[interreligious dialogue]] and on the back of it, introduced in 1969, a [[New Order of Mass]].{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=44}} These changes scandalised traditionalists within the Catholic Church and an insurgent [[traditionalist Catholic]] movement emerged pushing back against this.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=44}} Prominent early figures included Frenchmen such as [[Georges de Nantes]], who founded the ''[[Ligue de la contre-réforme catholique]]''{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=44}} and Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]] who founded the [[Society of St. Pius X]] (which became by far the most prominent).{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=45}} The early Palmarian themes were a part of this ''milleu'', with direct and indirect relationships with the traditionalist Catholic resistance worldwide, including the SSPX.{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=74}} According to Lundberg, traditionalists refused to believe that "a true Catholic hierarchy would make such changes, and saw [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernist]], masonic and communist conspiracies".{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=44}} A common traditionalist theme of decrying "infiltration", raised questions about the complicity of the [[Pope]] himself: Lefebvre diplomatically criticised Pope Paul VI, but still considered him a true Pope. At the opposite end, by 1971, [[sedevacantists]] emerged who claimed that Paul VI was a non-Catholic [[antipope]] leading a new heretical religion,{{sfn|Lundberg|2020|p=47}} an early example of which is [[Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga]].