Editing Twelve Tribes communities (section)

=== Origins ===
The origins of the Twelve Tribes can be traced back to the "Light Brigade for Jesus Christ," a 1972 teenagers' ministry.<ref name='Glance'>{{cite news | first=Gary | last=Warth | title=The 12 Tribes at a glance | date=October 3, 2009 | publisher=Lee Enterprise | url =http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/valley-center/article_a68bc3cf-981d-5250-9525-e064a002bf1d.html | work =North County Times | access-date = November 11, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Livingasone"/> The ministry operated out of "The Lighthouse,"<ref name="palmerraising">{{cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Susan J.|author-link=Susan J. Palmer|date=May 1997|title=The Northeast Kingdom Community Church of Island Pond, Vermont: Raising Up a People for Yahshua's Return|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=181–190|doi=10.1080/13537909708580798|author2-last=Bozeman|author2-first=John M.}}</ref> a small [[Coffeehouse|coffee shop]] in the home of Gene Spriggs and wife Marsha. The Light Brigade began living communally<ref name='Hunt'>{{cite book | last = Hunt | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen J. Hunt | title = Christian Millennialism | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 2001 | location = Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana | pages = 209–223 | isbn = 978-0-253-21491-1 }}</ref> and opened a restaurant, "The Yellow Deli", while its members were attending several churches, before they decided to join the [[First Presbyterian Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)|First Presbyterian Church]].<ref name="hosts"/> Members of the Light Brigade, while affiliated with First Presbyterian, caused friction within its establishment by bringing in anyone who was willing to come with them, including members of different social classes and [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial groups]], a practice which was not engaged in at that time.<ref name="palmerraising"/> On January 12, 1975, the group arrived at First Presbyterian only to find out that the service had been cancelled for the [[Super Bowl IX|Super Bowl]],<ref name="palmerraising"/> leading the group to form The Vine Christian Community Church.<ref name="Hunt"/> During this time, the group "[[Church planting|planted]]" churches, each with its own Yellow Deli, in [[Dalton, Georgia|Dalton]] and [[Trenton, Georgia]]; [[Mentone, Alabama]]; and [[Dayton, Tennessee]].<ref name="Vine Church"/>

Their withdrawal from the religious mainstream turned what had been a friction-filled relationship into an outcry against them.<ref name="Palmer1998"/> They began holding their own services, which they called "Critical Mass" in Warner Park in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]],<ref name='Palmer2010'>{{cite journal|title=The Twelve Tribes: Preparing a Bride for Yahshua's Return |journal=Nova Religio |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.2010.13.3.59 |date=February 2010|first=Susan J.|last=Palmer |author-link=Susan J. Palmer |volume=13|issue=3|pages=59–80|doi= 10.1525/nr.2010.13.3.59 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2010.13.3.59 }}</ref> appointing elders<ref name='elder1'>{{cite news | first=Alan | last=Murray | title=Vine elders concede church has authoritarian character | date=January 19, 1978 | publisher=Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. | work =Chattanooga Times}}</ref><ref name='Bankrupt'>{{cite news | first=Bill | last=Castel | title=Elder: 'We have no money' | date=December 1, 1980 | publisher=Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. | work =Chattanooga Times}}</ref> and baptizing people outside any denominational authority. The deteriorating relationship between the group and the religious and secular Chattanooga community attracted the attention of [[FREECOG|The Parents' Committee to Free Our Children from the Children of God]] and the [[Citizen's Freedom Foundation]] who characterized the group as a [[cult]] and described Spriggs as a cult leader.<ref name="Palmer1998"/> Starting the summer of 1976, [[anti-cult]]ist [[Ted Patrick]] began a series of [[deprogramming]]s that sought to convince Twelve Tribes members to leave the Twelve Tribes community.<ref name='hosts'>{{cite news | first=Joan | last=Garret | title=Chattanooga: Yellow Deli hosts reunion, betrothal | date=May 3, 2008 | publisher=Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. | url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/may/17/chattanooga-yellow-deli-hosts-reunion-betrothal/ | work=Chattanooga Times Free Press | access-date=November 7, 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305034837/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/may/17/chattanooga-yellow-deli-hosts-reunion-betrothal/ | archive-date=March 5, 2011 }}</ref> The group nevertheless largely ignored the negative press and the wider world in general, and continued to operate its businesses<ref name="Palmer1998"/> opening the Areopagus café and a second local Yellow Deli in downtown Chattanooga.<ref name="hosts" /><ref name='Return'>{{cite news | title=Yellow Deli In Comeback Popular Christian Eatery From 1970s To Be Revived | date=April 5, 2006 | publisher=John Wilson | url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_83232.asp | work=Chattanoogan | access-date=November 8, 2009 | archive-date=April 7, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060407125348/http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_83232.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1978, [[Bryan College]] in Dayton, Tennessee, 
[[Tennessee Temple University]] in Chattanooga and [[Covenant College]] located in Georgia near Chattanooga, issued edicts banning students from patronizing the Yellow Deli.<ref name='Palmer2010'/> In 1978, an invitation was received from a small church in [[Island Pond, Vermont]], for Spriggs to minister there; the offer was declined but the group began moving in stages to the rural town, naming the church there The Northeast Kingdom Community Church.<ref name="Palmer2010"/> One of Patrick's last deprogramming cases in Chattanooga occurred in 1980; it involved a police detective who, according to Jean Swantko, had his 27-year-old daughter arrested on a falsified warrant to facilitate her deprogramming, with the support of local judges.<ref name='amc'>{{cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1022021125576|title=The Twelve Tribes' Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Government's Response|journal=[[Social Justice Research]]|year=2000|first=Jean|last=Swantko|volume=12|issue=4|pages=341–364|s2cid=140807868|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022021125576.pdf|access-date=January 16, 2022}}</ref> The group continued moving, closing down all of its Yellow Delis and associated churches except for the one in Dalton.<ref name="Vine Church"/> At one point, a leader conceded that the group was deeply in debt<ref name="Bankrupt"/> before closing the Dalton church down and moving the last members to Vermont.<ref name="palmerraising"/>