Editing Order of Nine Angles (section)

==History==

===Origins===
[[File:Shropshire UK locator map 2010.svg|thumb|right|The ONA's first cell, "Nexion Zero", was established in [[Shropshire]] (pictured).{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=88}}]]

Academics have found it difficult to ascertain "exact and verifiable information" about the ONA's origins given the high level of secrecy it maintains.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=255}} As with many other [[Magical organization|occult organisations]], the Order shrouds its history in "mystery and legend", creating a "mythical narrative" for its origins and development.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=255}} In its writings, the ONA has claimed that accounts of its history are "just stories and
tales[...] to be accepted, or rejected, on that basis" and that it does not maintain that they are "accurate and/or describe historical events".{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=162}}

The ONA's writings claim the group as a descendant of pre-Christian [[paganism|pagan]] traditions which survived the [[Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England|Christianisation of Britain]]. These, it maintains, were passed down from the [[Middle Ages]] onward in small groups or "temples" based in the [[Welsh Marches]] – a border area between England and Wales – each of which was led by a grand master or a grand mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Kaplan|1y=2000a|1p=236|2a1=Goodrick-Clarke|2y=2003|2p=218}} These claims to an ancient pre-Christian heritage run counter to established scholarly understandings of British history, but reflect a belief common among modern pagans in mid-20th century Britain.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=161}} Parallels have for instance been drawn with [[Wicca]], whose early followers claimed to be part of an ancient pre-Christian religion.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=161}}

According to the Order's writings, in the late 1960s, a grand mistress of one of these temples united three of them – Camlad, the Temple of the Sun, and the Noctulians – to form the ONA.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=218|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=256}} She then welcomed outsiders into the tradition,{{sfnm|1a1=Kaplan|1y=2000a|1p=236|2a1=Gardell|2y=2003|2p=391}} one of whom was "Anton Long", an individual who described himself as a British citizen who had spent much of his youth visiting [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and the [[Middle East]].{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=86}} Long claimed that prior to his involvement in the ONA he had been interested in occultism for several years, having contacted a [[coven]] based in [[The Fens|Fenland]] in 1968, before moving to London and joining groups that practiced [[ceremonial magic]] in the style of the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]] and [[Aleister Crowley]].{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=255}} He also claimed a brief involvement in a Satanic group based in [[Manchester]], the Orthodox Temple of the Prince run by Ray Bogart, during which time he encountered the ONA Grand Mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Monette|1y=2013|1p=86|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=256|3a1=Introvigne|3y=2016|3p=357}} According to the Order's account, Long joined the ONA in 1973 – the first person to have done so in five years – and he became the grand mistress's heir.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=217|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=256}} He later recalled that at that time the group held rituals at [[henges]] and [[Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany|stone circles]] around the [[solstice]]s and [[equinox]]es.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=255}}

This account further states that when the Order's Grand Mistress migrated to [[Australia]], Long took over as the group's new grand master.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=218|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=256}} The group claimed that Long "implemented the next stage of Sinister Strategy – to make the teachings known on a large scale".{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=256}} From the late 1970s onward, Long encouraged the establishment of new ONA groups, which were known as "temples",{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|pp=221–222}} and from 1976 onward he wrote various texts for the tradition, codifying and extending its teachings, mythos, and structure.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=218|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=256|3a1=Monette|3y=2013|3p=87}} 
These texts are typically written in English, although they include passages of [[Classical Greek]] as well as terms from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]],{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=87}} reflecting Long's fluency in such languages.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=86}} Goodrick-Clarke described these texts as evoking "a world of witches, outlaw peasant sorcerers, orgies and blood sacrifices at lonely cottages in the woods and valleys" of the Welsh Marches.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=220}}

====Anton Long's identity====

The real identity of "Anton Long" remains unknown both to members of the Order and to academics who have studied it.{{sfnm|1a1=Monette|1y=2013|1p=85|2a1=Shah|2a2=Cooper|2a3=Newcombe|2y=2023|2p=3}} However, a 1998 issue of the [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] magazine ''[[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]]'' claimed that "Anton Long" was a pseudonym of [[David Myatt]], a prominent figure in the British neo-Nazi movement.{{sfnm|1a1=Senholt|1y=2013|1p=256|2a1=Introvigne|2y=2016|2p=357}} Shared ideas between the two include the belief in an "acausal" realm where the [[laws of physics]] do not apply, the idea that human history divides into distinct aeons, support for the future colonisation of space, and the "Star Game," a board game that Myatt claimed to have developed in 1975.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=158}}

[[File:Ibnmyatt.png|thumb|upright|[[David Myatt]], pictured in 1998, is often cited as the central ideologue in the ONA.]]

Born in the early 1950s, Myatt had a long history in neo-Nazism, serving as a bodyguard for [[Colin Jordan]] of the [[British Movement]] before joining the [[Combat 18]] militia and becoming a founding member and leader of the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1997)|National Socialist Movement]].{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1pp=217, 222|2a1=Ryan|2y=2003|2p=53|3a1=Senholt|3y=2013|3pp=263–264}} In 1973, Myatt has claimed, he formed an occult group to serve as a "honeypot" to pull occultists toward neo-Nazism, but that he left its organisation largely to a man from Manchester.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|pp=158-159}}
Myatt's text on ''A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution'', in which he advocated violent militancy in aid of the neo-Nazi cause, was cited as an influence on the nail bomber [[David Copeland]].{{sfnm|1a1=Weitzmann|1y=2010|1p=16|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2pp=263–264}} In 1998, Myatt converted to [[Islam]] and remained a practicing Muslim for eight years, in which time he encouraged violent [[jihad]] against [[Zionism]] and Israel's Western allies.{{sfnm|1a1=Weitzmann|1y=2010|1pp=16–17|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2pp=265–267|3a1=Introvigne|3y=2016|3p=358}} In 2010, he announced that he had renounced Islam and was practicing an esoteric tradition that he termed the "Numinous Way";{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=358}} Gregorius characterised this as "a type of Hellenistic Pantheism".{{sfn|Gregorius|2023|p=253}}

Academic scholars of esotericism who have supported Long's identification as Myatt include Goodrick-Clarke,{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=216|2a1=Introvigne|2y=2016|2p=357}} Per Faxneld,{{sfn|Faxneld|2013a|p=207}} and Jacob C. Senholt.{{sfn|Senholt|2009|p=16}} Senholt presented additional evidence that he believed confirmed Myatt's identity as Long,{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=268}} writing that Myatt's embrace of neo-Nazism and radical [[Islamism]] represented "insight roles" which Myatt had adopted as part of the ONA's "sinister strategy" to undermine Western society.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=267}} In 2015, an ONA member known as R. Parker argued in favour of the idea that Myatt was Long. As a result of Page's publication, the sociologist of religion [[Massimo Introvigne]] stated that the ONA has "more or less acknowledged" that Myatt and Long are the same person.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=358}} The ONA have utilised this ambiguity, in 2018 issuing a publication titled '' A Modern Mysterium: The Enigma of Myatt and the ONA'' containing essays both arguing for and against the case that Myatt is Long.{{sfn|Shah|Cooper|Newcombe|2023|p=4}}

Myatt has repeatedly denied allegations that he has any involvement with the ONA,{{sfnm|1a1=Ryan|1y=2003|1p=53|2a1=Senholt|2y=2013|2p=267|3a1=Gregorius|3y=2023|3p=252}} maintaining that he has never used the pseudonym "Anton Long".{{sfnm|1a1=Monette|1y=2013|1p=111}} He has claimed that he had personal contacts with people involved in the ONA around the 1980s,{{sfn|Shah|Cooper|Newcombe|2023|p=3}} and that similarities between his ideas and those of the ONA result from the latter's borrowing from him.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=158}} Some scholars have argued that Myatt's identification as Long remains circumstantial.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=158}} Kaplan suggested that Myatt and Long are separate people,{{sfn|Kaplan|1998|p=115}} while Sieg thought the association was "implausible and untenable based on the extent of variance in writing style, personality, and tone" between Myatt and Long.{{sfn|Sieg|2013|p=257}} Doyle White suggested that 'Long' could be one of the individuals involved in Myatt's "honeypot" occult group, hence explaining the borrowings from Myatt's ideas.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=159}} Monette posited the possibility that "Anton Long" was not a singular individual but rather a pseudonym used by several different people.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=92}}

===Public emergence===

[[File:Fenrir-o9a.png|thumb|upright|An issue of the ONA's original ''Fenrir'' magazine|left]]

The ONA came to public attention in the early 1980s.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=293}} At this point, Gregorius noted, it was "most likely very small, possibly having only one or two actual members."{{sfn|Gregorius|2023|p=254}} Over coming years it issued material for public consumption, including philosophical tracts, ritual instruction, letters, poetry, and gothic fiction.{{sfnm|1a1=Kaplan|1y=2000a|1p=236|2a1=Gardell|2y=2003|2p=293}} Published in 1984,{{sfnm|1a1=Doyle White|1y=2018|1p=159|2a1=Gregorius|2y=2023|2p=256}} the ''Black Book of Satan'' was a core ritual text;{{sfnm|1a1=Senholt|1y=2013|1p=260|2a1=Introvigne|2y=2016|2p=361}} Long claimed that it was an embellished version of a text previously used by the Temple of the Sun.{{sfn|Doyle White|2018|p=159}}
During the 1980s and 1990s, the Order spread its message through articles in magazines,{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=256}} and in 1988 it launched its own journal, ''Fenrir''.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrick-Clarke|1y=2003|1p=218|2a1=Baddeley|2y=2010|2p=155|3a1=Senholt|3y=2013|3p=256}} 
The ONA has also issued its own music, painted [[tarot]] set known as the Sinister Tarot, and a three-dimensional board game known as the Star Game.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000a|p=236}} 

During the early 1990s, the Order stated that it was entering the second stage of its development, in which it would leave behind its prior focus on recruitment and public outreach within the occult community and instead focus on refining its teachings.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=107}} Its resulting quietness led some occultists to speculate that the ONA had become defunct.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=107}}

The 1990s also saw the emergence of several Satanist groups espousing explicitly far-right political positions, among them the Brotherhood of Balder, the Order of the Sinister Way, and the White Order of Thule.{{sfn|Gregorius|2023|p=260}} The ONA established links with some of these other neo-Nazi Satanist groups: its international distributor was New Zealander [[Kerry Bolton]], the founder of the [[Black Order (Satanist group)|Black Order]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=229}} Bolton is described as an ONA adept in the group's published letter-correspondence.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=254}} Also associated was the U.S.-based Tempel ov Blood, which published various texts through Ixaxaar Press.{{sfnm|1a1=Monette|1y=2013|1pp=89–90|2a1=Introvigne|2y=2016|2p=359}} Another is the California-based White Star Acception, which has been designated as the ONA's "Flagship Nexion" in the United States, despite diverging from mainstream ONA teachings on a number of issues.{{sfnm|1a1=Sieg|1y=2013|1p=253|2a1=Introvigne|2y=2016|2p=359}} The ONA also has access to a private library of occult and far right material owned by the [[Order of the Jarls of Bælder]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=225}}

===Twenty-first century spread===

In 2000, the ONA established a presence on the Internet, using it as a medium to communicate with others and to distribute its writings.{{sfn|Senholt|2013|p=256}}
In 2008, the ONA announced that it was entering the third phase in its history, in which it would once again focus heavily on promotion, utilising such [[social media]] as online blogs, forums, [[Facebook]], and [[YouTube]] to spread its message.{{sfnm|1a1=Monette|1y=2013|1p=107|2a1=Shah|2a2=Cooper|2a3=Newcombe|2y=2023|2p=3}} In 2011, the "Old Guard", a group of longstanding members of the Order, stated that they would withdraw from active, public work with the group.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=93}} In March 2012, Long announced that he would be withdrawing from public activity, although he appears to have remained active in the Order.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=87}}

According to Monette, as of 2013 the group had associates and groups in the United States, Europe, Brazil, Egypt, Australia, and Russia.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=88}} Links were for instance built between the ONA and the [[Nordic Resistance Movement]], a neo-Nazi group in Scandinavia.{{sfn|Upchurch|2021|p=32}} In the United States, the influence of the ONA was cited over the [[Atomwaffen Division]], a neo-Nazi group formed in 2013; the latter's website Siege Culture promoted the ONA publication ''Hostia''.<ref name="Anti-Defamation League">{{cite web |title=Backgrounder: Atomwaffen Division (AWD) |url=https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/atomwaffen-division-awd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110070452/https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/atomwaffen-division-awd |archive-date=2019-11-10 |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |language=en-US}}</ref> According to journalist Nate Thayer, at least nine members of the ONA-affiliated [[Tempel ov Blood]] held key positions in Atomwaffen Division.{{sfn|Shah|Cooper|Newcombe|2023|p=9}}

The ONA's influence was also observed over the Atomwaffen Division's British branch, the [[Sonnenkrieg Division]],<ref name="kids"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Lowles |first=Nick |date=2019-02-18 |title=Opinion: Far right hate is spiralling out of control – and politicians aren't doing enough to stop it |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/far-right-extremism-racism-islamophobia-antisemitism-hope-not-hate-politics-report-a8784946.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en-GB |location=London |issn=1741-9743}}</ref> and over another neo-Nazi group, [[National Action (UK)|National Action]]. The leader of the ONA's Yorkshire nexion, Ryan Fleming—who was convicted for sexual abuse in 2011 and in 2017—was a National Action member.{{sfn|Shah|Cooper|Newcombe|2023|p=1}} A purported leader of the Mexican [[Eco-terrorism|eco-terrorist]] group [[Individualists Tending to the Wild]] also claimed to have drawn influence from the ONA and Tempel ov Blood.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gartenstein-Ross |first=Daveed |last2=Chace-Donahue |first2=Emelie |last3=Plant |first3=Thomas |date=2023-07-23 |title=The Order of Nine Angles |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/07/25/the-order-of-nine-angles/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=[[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] |language=en}}</ref> According to Monette, some ONA members join the military and the police to perform killings.{{sfn|Monette|2013|p=114}} Since 2020 some examples have surfaced. Some members of the neo-Nazi [[Rusich Group]] adhere to ONA satanism.<ref name="odessa">{{cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=The Russian Federation sends a neo-Nazi sabotage group to spy on the Finnish border |url=https://odessa-journal.com/public/the-russian-federation-sends-a-neo-nazi-sabotage-group-to-spy-on-the-finnish-border |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=[[The Odessa Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> 

In 2019, [[Nick Lowles]], founder of the British anti-extremism group [[Hope Not Hate]], stated that the ONA was then "becoming more visible and influential than ever" due to the internet, drawing in young people looking for the "edgiest" positions they can find.<ref name="kids">{{cite news |last=Dixon |first=Hayley |date=2019-02-18 |title=Children as young as 13 joining Satanic Nazi groups, report warns |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/18/children-young-13-joining-satanic-nazi-groups-report-warns/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/18/children-young-13-joining-satanic-nazi-groups-report-warns/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2020-09-13 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en-GB |publication-place=London |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> In 2024 ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' reported that "In recent years, O9A has become ever-present in the most violent corners of the contemporary far right."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Winston |first=Ali |last2=Hanrahan |first2=Jake |date=2024-08-01 |title=He Was an FBI Informant—and Inspired a Generation of Violent Extremists |url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-dangerous-exploits-of-an-extremist-fbi-informant/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927000900/https://www.wired.com/story/the-dangerous-exploits-of-an-extremist-fbi-informant/ |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |location=San Francisco |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Its visual aesthetics were for instance widely adopted within the [[764 (organization)|764]] network that emerged from the United States in 2021.<ref name=GNET/> The publishing house Martinet Press, run by Tempel ov Blood founder [[Joshua Caleb Sutter]], in particular contributed to the rise of ONA and its connection to 764.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021, court proceedings against Atomwaffen Division leader Kaleb Cole revealed that Sutter since 2003 has been paid over $140,000 by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as a confidential [[informant]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=2021-08-25 |title=FBI Bankrolled Publisher of Occult Neo-Nazi Books, Feds Claim |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/fbi-bankrolled-publisher-of-occult-neo-nazi-books-feds-claim/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |location=New York City |issn=1077-6788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Winston |first=Ali |date=2024-03-13 |title=There Are Dark Corners of the Internet. Then There's 764 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/764-com-child-predator-network/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-09-14 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808225850/https://www.wired.com/story/764-com-child-predator-network/ |archive-date=2025-08-08}}</ref> The FBI has not addressed Sutter's role.<ref name=":0" />

In 2020, Hope Not Hate called on the UK government to proscribe the ONA for incubating terrorism.{{sfn|Shah|Cooper|Newcombe|2023|p=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=De Simone |first=Daniel |date=2020-07-16 |title=UK Nazi Satanist group should be outlawed, campaigners urge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51682760 |access-date=2020-03-06 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |language=en-GB}}</ref>
ONA books and texts were banned from distribution in Russia following a 2024 [[St. Petersburg]] court order.<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=В Петербурге запретили движение, пропагандирующее «унижение христиан» |trans-title=A movement promoting "humiliation of Christians" was banned in St.Petersburg |url=https://www.rbc.ru/spb_sz/01/07/2024/6682a8c69a7947a79a155a10 |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=[[RBK Group]] |language=ru}}</ref> The group was outlawed as a terrorist organization in [[New Zealand]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite newspaper |title=Designation of Two Terrorist Entities |url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2025-au7135 |date=2025-12-10 |work=[[New Zealand Gazette]] |language=en-NZ |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>