Editing Conversion therapy (section)

===Psychoanalysis===
{{Main|Psychoanalysis}}

Haldeman writes that psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality is exemplified by the work of [[Irving Bieber]] and colleagues<ref name="d863">{{cite book | last1=Bieber | first1=Irving | last2=Dain | first2=Harvey J. | last3=Dince | first3=Paul R. | last4=Drellich | first4=Marvin G. | last5=Grand | first5=Henry G. | last6=Gundlach | first6=Ralph H. | last7=Kremer | first7=Malvina W. | last8=Rifkin | first8=Alfred H. | last9=Wilbur | first9=Cornelia B. | last10=Bieber | first10=Toby B. | title=Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study. | publisher=Basic Books | publication-place=New York | date=1962 | doi=10.1037/11179-000 | doi-access=free | page= | hdl=2027/mdp.39015053084482 }}</ref> in ''Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals''. They advocated long-term therapy aimed at resolving the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] childhood conflicts that they considered responsible for homosexuality. Haldeman notes that Bieber's methodology has been criticized because it relied upon a clinical sample, the description of the outcomes was based upon subjective therapist impression, and follow-up data were poorly presented. Bieber reported a 27% success frequency from long-term therapy, but only 18% of those deemed successful were exclusively homosexual initially, while 50% had been bisexual. In Haldeman's view, this makes even Bieber's unimpressive claims of success misleading.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haldeman|1991|pp=150–151}}</ref>

Haldeman discusses other psychoanalytic studies of attempts to change homosexuality. Curran and Parr's<ref name="d889">{{cite journal | last1=Curran | first1=Desmond | last2=Parr | first2=Denis | title=Homosexuality: An Analysis Of 100 Male Cases Seen In Private Practice | journal=The British Medical Journal | publisher=BMJ | volume=1 | issue=5022 | year=1957 | issn=0007-1447 | jstor=25382099 | pages=797–801 | doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5022.797 | pmid=13404309 | pmc=1973178 }}</ref> "Homosexuality: An analysis of 100 male cases", published in 1957, reported no significant increase in heterosexual behavior. Mayerson and Lief's "Psychotherapy of homosexuals: A follow-up study of nineteen cases", published in 1965, reported that half of the 19 subjects included were exclusively heterosexual in behavior four and a half years after treatment; its outcomes were based on patient self-report and had no external validation. In Haldeman's view, those participants in the study who reported change were bisexual at the outset, and its authors wrongly interpreted the capacity for heterosexual sex as a change of sexual orientation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haldeman|1991|pp=151, 256}}</ref>