Editing Nuwaubian Nation (section)

==Beliefs==

Nuwaubians refer to their ideas as "Right Knowledge",{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xv}} "the Knowledge",{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xx}} or elsewhere as "Nuwaubu," "Nuwaupu," or "Wu-Nuwaubu".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=38}} These beliefs stem from the teachings of Dwight York,{{fact|date=June 2025}} who is known among Nuwaubians as the "master teacher".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=xv, xx}}
York produced over 400 published writings,{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xxxix}} referred to as "scrolls",{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xx}} which have been issued under his various nom-de-plumes.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=1}} York had appropriated and adapted elements from various other black new religions, such as the [[Nation of Islam]].{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=7-8}}
From these earlier doctrines, York developed his own particular synthesis.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=25}} While drawing elements from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, he has maintained that these religions' sacred texts have been adulterated that that his teachings are returning them to their pure form.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=25}}

Palmer described York adopting a "cryptic style of teaching",{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=31}} one also characterised by a strong emphasis on joking and humor,{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=35 –36}} and on mocking and criticising better-established religions.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=2}}
In his teachings, he claimed that he wanted to awaken black people from their "sleep" or ignorance of reality, commenting that "I have devoted my visit to this planet to the resurrection of the mentally dead, which I affectionately refer to as mummies."{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=2}} He maintained that the "Spell of Kingu" had been cast over the African American people by the U.S. government, media, popular culture, and the Christian churches.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=39}} In many of his talks, he encouraged people not to take his word for things, but to do their own research.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=2}}

===Theology===

The Nuwaubian worldview was described by Palmer as a form of "radical materialism".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} They reject the notion of a transcendental spiritual realm separate from the material one, believing the former a lie promoted by Christian churches to keep African-American people docile.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} For the Nuwaubians, as with the Nation of Islam before them, gods are therefore viewed as physical beings.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} York interpreted the Hebrew word [[Elohim]], but which he preferred to spell "Eloheem", as being not a singular entity but a race of "angelic beings" who visited the Earth.{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=126}}

Rather than seeing the terms "Allah" and "God" as synonyms, as is typical, York distinguished between them.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=17}} He interpreted the word "God" as an acronym encompassing three words in the Kufic language he developed—"Gomar Oz Dubar"—meaning "wisdom, strength, and beauty".{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=17}} He then presented these as traits possessed by the black man,{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=17}} meaning that, while black men are not Allah, they are God for they symbolise divinity within the world.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}} The scholar of religion [[Michael Muhammad Knight]] suggested that this theological view represented York's negotiation with the theology of the Nation of Islam, which does maintain that black people are gods.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}}
Nuwaubians therefore perceive themselves as having an inner divinity, a doctrine that is shared widely among black new religions of North America, including among the Rastafari, Nation of Islam, Five-Percenters, and Black Hebrews.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=32}}

York also taught the existence of [[Iblis]] (Shaytan), an oppositional figure in Islamic theology.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}}

===Race and black nationalism===

Race is a consistent theme in York's writings,{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=15}} which are steeped in [[black nationalism]].{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=2}} York regarded "Nubia" as the true name for Africa,{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}} and thus often referred to African Americans as "Nubians".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=6}} Another term he used for Nubia was "Nuwauber" and in reference to this he called his followers "Nuwaubians".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=6}} 
Palmer rejected the applicability of the term "black supremacist" to these teachings.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xvii}} The Nuwaubians seek racial separatism, rather than acceptance and absorption into white-dominated society.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xxiv}}
Palmer noted that the Nuwaubians' views on race were "complex and shifting",{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xvii}} with the spiritual assessment of different racial groups changing throughout York's writings.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=17}} 

====The origins of racial difference====

In York's various writings he offered competing etiologies for human racial diversity.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=15}} During the AAC period of the movement's development, York claimed that there were three races of humanity: the Nubians or Cushites (black Africans), the Amorites (white Europeans, West and South Asians), and the Edomites (East Asians).{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=39}} Of these, the Nubians were presented as the original race, descended directly from [[Adam and Eve]].{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=254}} At that point York also claimed that Native Americans were not a distinct race but the product of ancient interbreeding between Cushites and Edomites.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=39}} He sometimes used the term "Canaanite" synonymously with "Amorite" but in other instances used "Canaanite" for what he regarded as a "sub-tribe" of white Amorites who had raped Nubian women and thus produced offspring with darker skin but straight hair; these, he identified as the peoples of West and South Asia.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}}

York provided a different account of racial difference in his 1996 work ''Extraterrestrials Among Us''.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}} Here he claimed that black people are the descendants of extraterrestrials from the planet Rizq, a group he called the "Annunaqi Eloheem". He maintained that these extraterrestrials had to flee Rizq after it was threatened by rays from its three suns, Utu, Apsu, and Shamash.{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=157}} He described this species as being green-skinned, "beautiful angelic beings", but that as these extraterrestrials entered the Earth's atmosphere, the magnesium in their [[melanin]] was replaced by iron, changing the colour of their skin to dark brown.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}} He further maintained that they settled in ancient Egypt and established ancient Egyptian civilisation.{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=157}} White people, York claimed, instead descend from lizard-like "reptoids" while those he deemed racially [[Mongoloid]] came from the Terros.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}} 

York claimed that genetic tampering by extraterrestrials had resulted in humanity losing many its innate capacities, such as [[telepathy]] and [[clairvoyance]].{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=158}}
He maintained that various extraterrestrial species reside on Earth, concealed underground, but that they sometimes breed with humans.{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=159}} One such species that he claimed lived underground were the Deros, an obese species whose half-human offspring are similarly obese.{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=159}} Another of the subterranean species were the Teros; York claimed that when they bred with humans, the resulting offspring had [[Down syndrome]].{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=159}} In his text ''Is God an Extraterrestrial?'', York claimed that a new race was emerging, the Neutranoids, who lacked clear racial traits and were the puppets of forces wishing to undermine Earth's racial diversity.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=16–17}}

====White people====

In Nuwaubian discourse, white people are referred to as "Palemen" or "Amorites".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=39}} They are often framed negatively; in his 1990 publication ''The Paleman'', York writes that "The Pale race are a race of Jinn, Devils."{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=18}} In a recorded lecture, York openly described himself as a "racist" and insisted that "White people are devils, and always was, always will be."{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=18}} As part of this view, he characterised Judaism and Christianity as "religions of the Devil".{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=151}}

Among York's early writings, he maintained that white people are the result of the [[Curse of Ham]];{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=xx, 7}} in this he reversed a longstanding white supremacist claim in U.S. society that the Curse of Ham resulted in formation of black people.{{sfnm|1a1=Palmer|1y=2010|1pp=15-16|2a1=Knight|2y=2020|2p=40-41}} York attributed white people's pale skin to [[leprosy]],{{sfnm|1a1=Palmer|1y=2010|1p=xx|2a1=Knight|2y=2020|2p=16}} a notion that may have derived from two Black Hebrew figures who wrote in the 1920s, [[Clarke Jenkins]] and [[Father Hurley]].{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=15}} York further claimed, in ''The Paleman'', that Native Americans and Asians all have [[Down syndrome]], which he claimed was a side-effect of leprosy.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=17}} In an alternative account of York's, white people are described as the offspring of fallen angels who, after falling to Earth, mated with the wicked women of [[Land of Nod|Nod]].{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} As part of this perspective, whites are presented as lacking the soul or spirit of Allah and are thus driven by instinct, lacking in compassion.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} Elsewhere, York claimed that white people arose from the [[albinism|albinos]] born to [[Adam and Eve]], and that they were labelled "[[Cain]]", which he then claimed was a shortened form of the racial term "[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]".{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}}

In contrast to the generally negative assessment of white people, the Nuwaubians have maintained that a few whites, known as "white angels", have the remnant of a soul and were sent to Earth to help black people. Examples that these practitioners cite are those European Americans who helped run the [[Underground Railroad]] to get enslaved African Americans away from the southern states.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=18}} The Nuwaubians add that through these actions, these white individuals may grow a soul, at which their skin will also darken.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=18}} Palmer observed various Nuwaubians who had little problem engaging in a friendly manner with white individuals.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=xxi–xxii}}

===Cosmogony and mythology===

[[File:Khidr.jpg|thumb|right|York claimed that in Sudan he had a vision of [[Khidr]] (pictured), with the latter also being the figure [[Melchisedek]]]]

York promoted his own myth regarding the origins of the black man.{{sfn|Palmer|2021a|p=345}}
In his earlier writings, York claimed that the name of Adam – the first man in various [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] mythologies – derived from the Hebrew ''Ah-Dam'', meaning 'black mud', which he took as evidence that Adam was a black man.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xxxvi}} Subsequently, from 1992 York changed his claims and began insisting that Adam came not from black mud but from brown dust.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=17–18}} By the 1990s, York was maintaining that "Adama" was the first man created by the Eloheem, 49,000 years ago.{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=127}} He maintained that both Adam and Eve were formed at the junction of the Blue and White Niles in Sudan.{{sfn|Knight|2020|pp=39-40}} They then went to the [[Garden of Eden]], which was located at Mecca, but after being cast out of the Garden they returned to Sudan, which thus constitutes the cradle of humanity.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}} 

York's teachings maintain that the descendants of [[Cain]] waged an ancient war on Salaam, a technologically advanced society that existed on land now beneath the [[Red Sea]]. Salaam was centred at a capital city named Mu and ruled by Khidr/Melchisedek. Once Cain's descendants destroyed Mu, the Red Sea rose and submerged Salaam, cutting off Africa from the Arabian peninsula.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}} York stated that this break between the two continents was alluded to in Elijah Muhammad's NOI story regarding how the moon broke from the Earth; York insisted that Elijah Muhammad's tale was allegorical, with the moon symbolising Asia and the Earth symbolising Africa.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=40}}

York stated that after [[Noah]] was seen naked by his son [[Ham (Genesis)|Ham]], the former cursed Ham's son [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]], whose descendants would suffer albinism. This is one of York's various accounts for the origins of white people.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}} In York's mythology, Canaan and his sister-wife then fled to the [[Caucasus Mountains]], where they had 11 sons. York claimed that their descendants became increasingly animalistic, walking on all-fours and engaging in [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]].{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}} He further maintained that the white Amorite women began copulating with dogs and other animals, explaining the development of straight hair textures among their descendants.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}}

In York's writings, it is claimed that both [[Abraham]] and [[Moses]] were sent by Allah to civilise the white Amorites.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=41}} York stated that Abraham attracted a group of white followers, who falsely believed themselves to be his descendants and became the "pale Jews".{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=42}} York maintains that the claim, made by that "pale Jews", that they are descendants of the ancient Israelites is false;{{sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1y=2000|1p=122|2a1=Knight|2y=2020|2p=44}} instead he says that the only true living descendants of the Israelites are the Ethiopian [[Beta Israel]].{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=42}} 
York's teachings also claim that [[the Buddha]] was a prophet sent by Allah to the Amorites living in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=42}}

York stated that Abraham's son [[Ishmael]] was the first Arab.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=44}} However, York maintains that, of Ishmael's sons, only [[Qedar (person)|Kedar]] preserved his racial purity;{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=42}} he thus presented his Nuwaubians as the descendants of Abraham via Ishmael and Kedar.{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=122}} York claimed that Kedar's descendants were racially Nubian and were the true Arabs. He contrasts these against what he considers false, "pale Arabs", who tricked the true Arabs, scattering them out of Arabia, kidnapping them, and selling them to European slave traders.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=44}} York's teachings thus de-centre the "pale Arabs" of Arabia as the natural authorities in Islam and instead centres Sudan as the true heartland of Islam.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=29}}

====Jesus and Muhammad====

According to York, [[Jesus]] was the biological son of the angel [[Gabriel]], who had had sex with Jesus' mother [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]].{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=16}}
In his 1980 book ''Was Christ Really Crucified?'', York claimed that Jesus escaped crucifixion and then traveled throughout Africa and the Middle East.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}} This was an idea that probably derived ultimately from [[Levi H. Dowling]]'s ''[[Aquarian Gospel of Jesus]]''.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=40}}

In York's view, the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] was a black Nubian, something that has been concealed by pale Arab Muslims.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=67}}
York taught that the [[Buraq]], an animal that Muhammad allegedly rode into the heavens in Islamic belief, was actually a fleet of spaceships.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=22}} He maintained that these ships will one day ascend to Earth to gather the 144,000.{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=22}}
For York, the first three [[Caliphs]] who succeeded Muhammad were all usurpers.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=67}}
In his view, Muhammad's "unmistakably black" daughter [[Fatima]] and son-in-law [[Ali]] had to flee persecution by the "pale Arab" [[Abu Bakr]].{{sfn|Knight|2020|p=24}}

===Millenarianism===
{{Quote box
| quote = I, YAANUWN, Am An ANUNNAQI Or What You Could Call An Extra-Terrestrial[...] I Am What You Would Call An Angelic Being [from] ILLYUWN[...] I Have Incarnated Here in This Form To Act As A Human Being For The Sole Purpose Of Saving The Children of THE ELOHEEM (ANUNNAQI)[...] The Chosen 144,000[...] I YAANUWN, Have Come To Save The Children Of The ELOHEEM (ANNUNAQI) From Being Killed As You Bring Your Planet Near To What Could Be Its Total Destruction.
| source=Dwight York, ''Man from Planet Rizq'', c.1993{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=73}}
| width = 25em
| align = right
}}

The Nuwaubians are a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] movement.{{sfnm|1a1=Palmer|1y=2010|1pp=134, 143|2a1=Palmer|2y=2021a|2p=343}} During the movement's earlier, more Islam-centred phases, York claimed that Shaytan's rule over the Earth would end in the year 2000. He maintained that in preparation, there needed to be born [[144,000]] Nubian children who would "rapture" their parents when that occurred.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=56-57}}

In 1990, York claimed that white people would continue suffering the symptoms of leprosy – in which he included sun blisters, asthma, eczema, and [[AIDS]] – as the sun became hotter and the [[ozone layer]] thinner. He added that this would culminate in 2000, when Shaytan's rule on Earth would end and the white people would be forced to flee into underground caverns to escape the sun, allowing black people to rule the surface.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}}

York maintained that on May 5, 2000, a series of catastrophes would befall the Earth.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=135}} He further claimed that on August 12, 2003, spaceships will arrive to begin to arrive to rescue the 144,000 righteous people; these rescues, he thought, would continue until June 26, 2030.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=135}} As part of this, he described how a "Mothership" would land on the pyramid that the Nuwaubians had erected at Tama Re.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=73}} He varyingly referred to this spaceship as the "Motherplane", "Nibiru", and "the Crystal City".{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=121}} he associated this with the Merkabah described in [[Ezekiel 1]].{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=121}} York said that these "worthy souls" will go to "the Crystal City" before returning to the Earth to "save the planet" a thousand years later.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=135}} When these prophecies events failed to come about, it led to some defections from the Nuwaubian movement.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=136-137}}

===Morality and gender roles===

York emphasised that his Nuwaubians should not follow the moral conventions of mainstream American society on issues such as sexuality, stating: "we are Africans. We have our own laws, morality, customs, rules, regulations."{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=37}} In York's publication, ''Sex Life of a Muslim'', he recommended the practice of [[Oral sex|oral]] and [[anal sex]], and the drinking of [[semen]], advice contravening that of mainstream Islam.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=37}} In the lecture "Does God Exist According To Our Time" he also defended [[incest]] given its practice among the royal families of ancient Egypt.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=37}} There is also one letter in which York noted that in many African societies women marry and have children at a young age, a statement which U.S. criminal prosecutors subsequently highlighted as evidence that York endorsed sex between teenagers and adults.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=37}}

York maintained that a woman's appropriate social role was as a wife and mother.{{sfn|Gabriel|2003|p=152}} In his publication ''Hadrat Fatima Part 2'', York claimed that ideally a man should have four wives: a domestic wife, a companion wife, an educated wife, and a cultured wife.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=53}} While the AAC advocated [[polygamy]], in practice only the movement's senior leaders had multiple wives.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|pp=xx, 52}} York himself, one of his wives reported, had at least 50 wives.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=53}} Generally, marriages within the movement were informal, with no wedding ceremony.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=54}} York would sometimes choose marriage partners for his followers, with some accounts maintaining that in some instances he deliberately picked incompatible personalities for his own amusement.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=54}} Birth control and abortion were condemned as tools of a white conspiracy to reduce the black birthrate.{{sfn|O'Connor|2000|p=127}}

During the AAC period, most women lived separately from their male partners, in distinct women's quarters.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xx}} If a man proved successful in fundraising for the group, he was rewarded with a sexual assignation with his female partner, inside the "Green Room" decorated with images of the [[Garden of Eden]].{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xx}} York used his followers' wives as concubines, something designed to test their loyalty to him.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=36}} With these various women, York had around 100 children.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xxvii}}
Children in the Ansaaru Allah Community were not taught English, but instead Hebrew, Arabic, and Nubic, the language that York invented.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=xx}} Interracial marriage is condemned as treachery to one's race.{{sfn|Palmer|2010|p=16}}