Editing Shukri Mustafa (section)

==Early life==

Shukri was born on 1 June 1942 in [[Abu Khors]] in [[Middle Egypt]] but moved with his mother at a young age to nearby [[Asyut]]. He attended an Islamic school and went on to study agriculture at [[Assiut University]].<ref name=ProphetPharaoh74>Giles Kepel, ''Muslim extremism in Egypt: the Prophet and the Pharaoh'', p. 74</ref> It was here that he first came into contact with the Muslim Brotherhood, and he was arrested for distributing their pamphlets in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pwhce.org/shukri.html|title=PWHCE Middle East Project: Shukri Mustafa and Takfir wal-Hijra|last=Stanley|first=Trevor|website=www.pwhce.org|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2016}}

Shukri spent six years in prison, initially in [[Tura, Egypt|Tura]] and then, from 1967, in [[Abu Zaabal|Abu Zabal]].<ref name=ProphetPharaoh74 /> While imprisoned, he read the recently executed Qutb's declarations that Egypt was in ''[[jahiliyyah]]'' (a state of pre-Islamic ignorance). Shukri and some of his fellow prisoners built on these ideas; they believed that most Egyptians were no longer truly Muslims, but had become [[apostates]] by their failure to struggle against the state.<ref name=Sageman14>Marc Sageman, ''Understanding terror networks'', p. 14</ref> Shukri's faction, known as ''Jama'at al-Muslimin'' (Society of Muslims), additionally believed that Qutb had also called for total separation from jahiliyyah society.<ref>The Prophet and the Pharaoh, p75</ref>

Jama'at al-Muslimin fell apart following the Muslim Brotherhood's official rejection of Qutb's theories. The group's first leader, Sheikh Ali Abduh Ismail, renounced Takfir in 1969. Shukri was soon the leader by default: he was the only remaining member.<ref name=ProphetPharaoh76>The Prophet and the Pharaoh, p. 76</ref> He was released from prison in 1971 as part of the new president [[Anwar Sadat]]'s [[rapprochement]] with the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name=ProphetPharaoh76 />