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"fromtitle": "Main Page",
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"totitle": "Scientology",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\">Line 1:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">Line 1:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><strong>MediaWiki has been installed</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></strong></del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Short description|Beliefs and practices and associated movement}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{pp-move}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology sidebar}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Scientology''' is a set of [[Scientology beliefs and practices|beliefs and practices]] created by the American author [[L. Ron Hubbard]]. Hubbard initially presented his ideas in 1950 as a form of talk therapy called [[Dianetics]]. He later expanded and reframed those ideas as a religion, which he named Scientology.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=64ff}} In 1953, he founded the [[Church of Scientology]], which, by one 2014 estimate, had around 30,000 members</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Consult </del>the [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User</del>'s <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Guide] </del>for <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">information on using the wiki software</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A core Scientology belief is that traumatic events cause subconscious command-like recordings in </ins>the <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mind, which may have occurred in </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[past lives]], and which can only be relieved through an activity called \"[[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]]\"</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Auditing and training to audit are the two primary activities in a Scientology organization and are outlined in a structured progression chart called [[The Bridge to Total Freedom]], with the two main achievement levels being the status of \"[[Clear (Scientology)|Clear]]\" (the goal of the original Dianetics) and \"[[Operating Thetan]]\" (Scientology</ins>'s <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">version of spiritual freedom). Fees are charged </ins>for <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">auditing and training</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Getting </del>started ==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The upper\u2011level teachings of the Operating Thetan levels are considered confidential and are only revealed to Scientologists when they reach each level. The texts, which involve a past life cosmology narrative, have been leaked and publicized, despite the Church of Scientology litigating to keep them confidential.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/Special:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Configuration_settings Configuration settings </del>list]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/Special:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">FAQ MediaWiki FAQ</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Church{{Efn|Use of \"Church\" or \"the Church\" is a common shortened form of \"Church of Scientology\"; see [[The Church (Scientology)]].}} has been involved in numerous controversies, legal disputes, and even criminal convictions. It has been variously described as a [[religion]], a [[cult]], a [[Scientology as a business|business]], and a [[scam]]. Scientology is classified differently around the world, with some countries granting it religious status, while others treat it as a non-religious belief system, a commercial enterprise, or a suspicious activity subject to government monitoring. Its practices and [[Scientology officials|leadership]] have been the subject of sustained investigative reporting, academic study, government inquiries, and popular media portrayals.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">postorius</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">announce</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.org/ <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MediaWiki </del>release <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mailing list</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Localisation</del>#<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki </del>for <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">your </del>language]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Definition and classification ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [https://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Combating_spam Learn how </del>to <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">combat spam </del>on your <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In his history of the Church of Scientology, the scholar [[Hugh Urban]] describes Scientology as a \"huge, complex, and multifaceted movement.\"{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=9}} According to Urban, Scientology represents a \"rich syncretistic blend\" of sources, including elements from [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], [[Thelema]], new scientific ideas, science-fiction, and from psychology and popular self-help literature available by the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=359}} The sociologist [[Stephen A. Kent]] views the Church of Scientology as \"a multifaceted [[transnational corporation]], only one element of which is religious\".{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=4}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard claimed that Scientology was \"all-denominational\",{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=40}} and members of the Scientology organization are not prohibited from active involvement in religions.{{sfnm|1a1=Cusack|1y=2009|1p=397|2a1=Flinn|2y=2009|2p=210|3a1=Lewis|3y=2009a|3p=6|4a1=Westbrook|4y=2019|4p=40}} Scholar of religion Donald Westbrook encountered members who also practiced Judaism, Christianity, [[Buddhism]], and the [[Nation of Islam]]; one was a [[Baptist]] minister.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=40}} In practice, however, Westbrook noted that most members consider Scientology to be their only commitment, and the deeper their involvement became, the less likely they were to continue practicing other traditions.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=40}} The ceremonies, structure of the prayers, and minister attire suggested by Hubbard reflect his own Protestant traditions.{{sfn|Willms|2009|p=253}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology has experienced multiple [[schism]]s during its history.{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=141}} While the [[Church of Scientology]] was the original promoter of the movement, various factions have split off to form independent Scientology groups. Referring to the \"different types of Scientology\", the scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggests it was appropriate to talk about \"Scientologies\".{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=ix, 113, 130, 161}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Debates over classification ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Debate as to whether Scientology should be regarded as a religion, a cult, a business, or a scam has continued over many years.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=447|2a1=Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2y=2009|2p=225|3a1=Beit-Hallahmi|3y=2003|4a1=Cowan|4a2=Bromley|4y=2015|5a1=Shermer|5y=2020}}<ref name=\"Lewis\">{{Cite journal |first=James |last=Lewis |title=Scientology: Sect, Science, or Scam? |journal=Numen |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341364 |date=16 Mar 2015|volume=62 |issue=2\u20133 |pages=226\u2013242 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Many Scientologists consider it to be their religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Bainbridge|1y=2009|1p=42|2a1=Cowan|2y=2009|2p=57|3a1=Dericquebourg|3y=2009|3p=165|4a1=Willms|4y=2009|4p=245|5a1=Westbrook|5y=2019|5p=2}} Its founder, [[L. Ron Hubbard]], presented it as a religion,{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=663}} but the early history of the Scientology organization, and Hubbard's policy directives, letters, and instructions to subordinates, indicate that his motivation for doing so was as a legally pragmatic move to minimize his tax burden and escape the possibility of prosecution.{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}}{{sfn|Kent|1996|pp=30\u201332}} In many countries, the Church of Scientology has engaged in extensive litigation to secure recognition as a tax-exempt religious organization,{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=468}} and it has managed to obtain such a status in a few jurisdictions, including the United States, Italy, and Australia.{{sfn|Melton|2009|p=17}}{{sfn|Willms|2009|p=245}} The organization has not received recognition as a religious institution in the majority of countries in which it operates.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=666}} </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords, and numerous superior court judgments describe Scientology both as a dangerous [[cult]] and as a [[Scientology as a business|manipulative profit-making business]]. These institutions and scholars state that Scientology is not a religion.{{refn|{{sfn|Behar|1991}}{{r|andersonreport|p=179|quote=In reality it is a dangerous medical cult}}<ref name=Edge2006/><ref name=\"auto2\"/><ref name=\"auto4\"/><ref name=\"auto\"/>}} An article in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, \"[[The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power]]\", describes Scientology as a ruthless global [[scam]].{{sfn|Behar|1991}} The Church of Scientology's attempts to sue the publishers for libel and to prevent republication abroad were dismissed.{{sfn|Lewis|Helles\u00f8y|2017|p=xvii}} </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[psychology|Psychologists]] and [[Scientific skepticism|skeptics]] support this view of Scientology as a confidence trick to obtain money from its targets.{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}}{{sfn|Shermer|2020}} The academic [[Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi]] observes that \"the majority of activities conducted by Scientology and its many fronts and subsidiaries involve the marketing of secular products.\"{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}} Scholars and journalists note that profit is the primary motivating goal of Hubbard's Scientology groups.{{sfnm|1a1=Beit-Hallahmi|1y=2003|2a1=Passas|2a2=Castillo|2y=1992|3a1=Sappell|3a2=Welkos|3y=1990a|4a1=Tobin|4y=2016}} Those making this observation have often referred to a governing financial policy issued by Hubbard that is to be obeyed by all Scientology organization staff members,{{sfn|Helton|M\u00fcnker|1999}} which includes the following [uppercase in original]:{{sfnm|1a1=Senn|1y=1990|2a1=Passas|2a2=Castillo|2y=1992|3a1=Beit-Hallahmi|3y=2003|4a1=Behar|4y=1991|5a1=Harman|5y=2012|6a1=Gartner|6y=1985}}{{blockquote |text=Make sure that lots of bodies move through the shop...A. MAKE MONEY. ... J. MAKE MONEY. K. MAKE MORE MONEY. L. MAKE OTHER PEOPLE PRODUCE SO AS TO MAKE MONEY...However you get them in or why, just do it.}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Some [[Religious studies|scholars of religion]] have referred to Scientology as a religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Bainbridge|1a2=Stark|1y=1980|1p=128|2a1=Rothstein|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Lewis|3y=2009c|3pp=35, 103, 196|6a1=Halupka|6y=2014|6p=616|7a1=Westbrook|7y=2019|7p=2}}{{sfn|Willms|2009|pp=245, 257}} The sociologist [[Bryan R. Wilson]] compares Scientology with 20 criteria that he associated with religion and concludes that the movement could be characterized as such.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kent|1y=1999a|1p=3|2a1=Barrett|2y=2001|2p=447}} Wilson's criteria include a cosmology that describes a human reality beyond terrestrial existence; ethics and behavior teachings that are based on this cosmology; prescribed ways for followers to connect with spiritual beings; and a congregation that believes in and helps spread its teachings.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Dericquebourg | first=R\u00e9gis | title=Scientology | journal=Nova Religio | volume=20 | issue=4 | date=2017-05-01 | issn=1092-6690 | doi=10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.5 | pages=5\u201312}}</ref> Alan W. Black analyzed Scientology through the seven \"dimensions of religion\" set forward by the scholar [[Ninian Smart]] and also decided that Scientology met those criteria for being a religion.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=447}} The sociologist [[David V. Barrett]] noted that there was a \"strong body of evidence to suggest that it makes sense to regard Scientology as a religion\",{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=474}} while scholar of religion [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]] comments that \"it is obvious that Scientology is a religion\".{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=146}} The scholar [[Mikael Rothstein]] observes that the Scientology \"is best understood as a devotional cult aimed at revering the mythologized founder of the organization\".{{sfn|Rothstein|2016}} Opinion polling in 2012 shows that in its home market, the US, 70% of Americans do not think Scientology is a real religion; 13% think it is.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeanie |first1=Groh |title=Poll: Most Americans Don't Think Scientology is a Religion |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-most-americans-dont-think-scientology-is-a-religion/2012/10/02/30381626-0cd4-11e2-ba6c-07bd866eb71a_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, DC|publisher=WP Company |date=October 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Most Americans doubt Scientology is true religion: poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/most-americans-doubt-scientology-is-true-religion-poll-idUSBRE8901BC/ |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|location=London |date=October 1, 2012}}</ref> A 2015 poll in the UK shows 61% of British people do not think Scientology is a real religion; 8% think it is.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dahlgreen |first1=Will|location=London|title=Scientology Not a Real Religion \u2013 Public |url=https://yougov.co.uk/society/articles/12007-scientology-not-real-religion-public|date=April 8, 2015|website=[[YouGov]]}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The characterisation as a religion by such religious studies academics is disputed by the psychology professor Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. He writes that: \"Scientology cannot be classified as a religion. Because Scientology is a profit-oriented organization, sometimes, not always, masquerading as a religion, it has faced serious legitimation problems...The extreme measures Scientology has taken to defend itself reflect the truly precarious position of an organization with clearly illegitimate goals and a fraudulent operational style.\"{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2025}} Beit-Hallahmi notes that the degree of collaboration with Scientology in the [[new religious movement]] (NRM) research network is in a class by itself. He observes that \"Scholars collaborating with Scientology have tried to provide an umbrella of legitimacy. Moreover, they have knowingly collaborated in some of its deceptive schemes and front organizations.\"{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2025}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Numerous religious studies scholars have described Scientology as a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnm |1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=471 |2a1=Lewis|2y=2009c|2pp=53, 84, 184, ''et passim'' |3a1=Urban|3y</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2012|3p</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">335}} Various scholars have also considered it within the category of [[Western esotericism]],{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=18}} while the scholar of religion [[Andreas Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df]] noted that it was \"closely linked\" to [[UFO religion]]s,{{sfn|Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2009|p=238}} as science-fiction themes are evident in its theology.{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p=15}} Scholars have also varyingly described it as a \"psychotherapeutically oriented religion\",{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=133}} a \"secularized religion\",{{sfn|Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2009|p=237}} a \"postmodern religion\",{{sfnm|1a1=Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|1y=2009|1p=238 |2a1=Rothstein|2y=2009|2p=365}} a \"privatized religion\",{{sfn|Andersen|Wellendorf|2009|p=143}} and a \"progressive-knowledge\" religion.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=452}} According to scholar of religion Mary Farrell Bednarowski, Scientology describes itself as drawing on science, religion, psychology and philosophy but \"has been claimed by none of them and repudiated, for the most part, by all\".<ref name=\"Bednarowski\">{{Cite book|first=Mary Farrell |last=Bednarowski |chapter=The Church of Scientology: Lightning Rod for Cultural Boundary Conflicts |editor=Timothy Miller |title=America's Alternative Religions |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7914-2397-4 |publisher=SUNY Press |ol=1092279M |page=388}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Some government bodies and other institutions maintain that the Scientology is a secular, profit-making organization,{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}} and many commentators claim that is a form of therapy masquerading as religion.{{sfn|Flinn|2009}} The French government characterizes the movement as a dangerous cult, and the German government monitors it as an anti-democratic cult.<ref name=\"spiegel.de\"/><ref name=\"assemblee-nationale.fr\"/><ref name=\"auto6\"/><ref name=\"NouvelObs\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The notion of Scientology as a religion is strongly opposed by the [[anti-cult movement]].{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=3}} Its claims to a religious identity have been particularly rejected in continental Europe.{{sfn|Willms|2009|p=245}} Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df writes that labeling Scientology a religion does not mean that it is \"automatically promoted as harmless, nice, good, and humane\".{{sfn|Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2009|p=228}} The multi-faceted nature of the Church of Scientology that includes pedagogy, communication theories, management principles and methods for a healthy living discombobulated many observers when it first </ins>started<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">. Dericquebourg comments that the same things can be found in established churches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dericquebourg |first=R\u00e9gis |date=2017 |title=Scientology: From the Edges to the Core |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26417718 |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5\u201312 |doi=10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.5 |jstor=26417718 |issn=1092-6690}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Etymology ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The word ''Scientology'', as coined by Hubbard, is a derivation from the [[Latin]] word ''scientia'' (\"knowledge\", \"skill\"), which comes from the verb ''sc\u012bre'' (\"to know\"), with the suffix [[-logy|-ology]], from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 ''l\u00f3gos'' (\"word\" or \"account [of]\").<ref>{{harvnb|Cusack|2009|p=394}}</ref><ref>Benjamin J. Hubbard/John T. Hatfield/James A. Santucci ''An Educator's Classroom Guide to America's Religious Beliefs and Practices'', p. 89, Libraries Unlimited, 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-59158-409-4}}</ref> Hubbard claimed that the word \"Scientology\" meant \"''knowing about knowing'' or ''science of knowledge''\".{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=64}} The name \"Scientology\" deliberately makes use of the word \"science\",{{sfnm|1a1=Rothstein|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Bigliardi|2y=2016|2p=666}} seeking to benefit from the \"prestige and perceived legitimacy\" of [[natural science]] in the public imagination.{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=136}} In doing so, Scientology has been compared to religious groups like [[Christian Science]] and the [[Science of Mind]], which employed similar tactics.{{sfnm|1a1=Lewis|1y=2009a|1p=8|2a1=Lewis|2y=2012|2p=136}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The term \"Scientology\" had been used in published works at least twice before Hubbard.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=64}} In ''The New Word'' (1901), poet and lawyer [[Allen Upward]] first used scientology to mean blind, unthinking acceptance of scientific doctrine (compare [[scientism]]).{{Sfn|Atack|1990|p=128}}<ref name=\"upward\">{{Cite book |title=The New Word : An open letter addressed to the Swedish academy in Stockholm on the meaning of the word idealist |first=Allen |last=Upward |author-link=Allen Upward |year=1914 |orig-year=1907 |ol=14030703M |publisher=Kennerley |pages=139, 149}}</ref> In 1934, philosopher [[Anastasius Nordenholz]] published ''Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge'', which used the term to mean the [[Scientific method|science of science]].{{r|malko|pp=116-9}}<ref name=\"nordenholz\">{{Cite book |title=Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens |language=de |trans-title=Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge |year=1934 |first=Anastasius |last=Nordenholz |author-link=Anastasius Nordenholz |oclc=249980578}}</ref> It is unknown whether Hubbard was aware of either prior usage of the word.{{r|malko|pp=116-9}}{{r|wallis|p=111}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== History ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|History of Dianetics and Scientology}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{For timeline}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard established an organization to promote his ideas about the mind, which he called Dianetics,<ref name=\"auto6\" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spellman |first1=Frank R. |last2=Price-Bayer |first2=Joan |title=In Defense of Science: Why Scientific Literacy Matters |date=2010 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham |isbn=978-1-60590-735-2 |page=81 |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781605907116/In-Defense-of-Science-Why-Scientific-Literacy-Matters |archive-date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=May 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515153209/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781605907116/In-Defense-of-Science-Why-Scientific-Literacy-Matters |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 1950. The organization went bankrupt, and Hubbard lost the rights to his book ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health|Dianetics]]'' in 1952. His ideas were rejected by the scientific community.<ref name=Ma12>{{cite journal |last1=Manca |first1=Terra |title=L. Ron Hubbard's Alternative to the Bomb Shelter: Scientology's Emergence as a Pseudo-science During the 1950s |journal=[[Journal of Religion and Popular Culture]]|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|date=March 2012 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=80\u201396 |doi=10.3138/jrpc.24.1.80}}</ref>{{sfn|Kent|Manca|2014}} As the 1950s developed, Hubbard saw the advantages of having his Scientology movement legally recognized as a religion.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=58}} In an April 1953 letter to Helen O'Brien, his US business manager, he proposed that Scientology should be transformed into a religion: \"We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name...It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle\".{{sfnm|1a1=Beit-Hallahmi|1y=2003|2a1=Urban|2y=2011|2p=65}} In reaction to a series of arrests of his followers, and the prosecution of Hubbard's Dianetics foundation for teaching medicine without a license, in December 1953 Hubbard incorporated three organizations \u2013 Church of American Science, Church of Scientology, and Church of Spiritual Engineering.{{sfn|Kent|1996|pp=30\u201332}}<ref name=\"Bare-faced Messiah220\">{{harvnb|Miller|1987|pp=[https://archive.org/details/barefacedmessiah00mill_0/page/140 140\u2013142]}}</ref> By 1954, Hubbard had regained the rights to Dianetics.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} In 1959, Hubbard purchased [[Saint Hill Manor]] in East Grinstead, Sussex, United Kingdom, which became the worldwide headquarters of the Church of Scientology and his personal residence.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">With the organization often under heavy criticism, it adopted strong measures of attack in dealing with its critics.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=463}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1962, amid FDA concerns, Hubbard announced Scientology's future was \"being planned on a religious organization basis\", but advising followers the change was \"entirely a matter for accountants and solicitors\".{{Sfn|Kent|1996|loc=\"Hubbard returned once again to religious claims in late October, 1962, apparently after he learned that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had become 'interested' in his organisation's e-meters. Fearing the worst, Hubbard issued a policy letter entitled 'Religion', in which he specifically justified the devices by insisting that Scientologists used them 'to disclose truth to the individual who is being processed and thus freehim spiritually'. Regarding the future direction of his organisation, Hubbard announced that \"Scientology 1970 is being planned on a religious organization basis throughout the world\". He reassured his members, however, by adding that \"[t]his will not upset in any way the usual activities of any organization. It is entirely a matter for accountants and solicitors\" (Hubbard, 1962: 282).\"}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1966, the organization established the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO), a department devoted to undermining those hostile towards Scientology.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=466|2a1=Melton|2y=2009|2p=25}} The GO launched an extensive program of countering negative publicity, gathering intelligence, and infiltrating organizations.{{sfn|Melton|2009|p=25}} In \"[[Operation Snow White]]\", the GO infiltrated the IRS and numerous other government departments and stole tens of thousands of documents pertaining to the Scientology organization, politicians, and celebrities.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=467}} In July 1977, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] raided Church of Scientology premises in Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, revealing the extent of the GO's infiltration into government departments and other groups.{{sfn|Melton|2009|pp=27-28}} Eleven officials and agents of the Church were indicted. In December 1979, they were sentenced to between 4 and 5 years each and individually fined $10,000 ({{inflation|US|10000|1979|fmt=eq|r=-3}}).{{sfn|Melton|2009|p=28}}{{inflation/fn|US}} Among those found guilty was Hubbard's then-wife, Mary Sue Hubbard.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=467}} Public revelation of the GO's activities brought widespread condemnation of the Scientology organization.{{sfn|Melton|2009|p=28}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1967, Hubbard established a new group, the [[Sea Organization]] or \"Sea Org\", the membership of which was drawn from the most committed members of the Scientology organization.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1pp=464-465|2a1=Lewis|2y=2009a|2p=5|3a1=Melton|3y=2009|3p=26}} By 1981, the 21-year-old [[David Miscavige]], who had been one of Hubbard's closest aides in the Sea Org, rose to prominence.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=468}} Hubbard died at his ranch in Creston, California, on January 24, 1986, and David Miscavige succeeded Hubbard as head of the organization.{{Sfn|Miller|1987|pages=374-5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimesslo.com/sanluisobispo/l-ron-hubbards-last-refuge/Content?oid=2947906|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217013657/http://www.newtimesslo.com/cover/2628/l-ron-hubbards-last-refuge/|url-status=dead|title=L. Ron Hubbard's last refuge|first=Colin|last=Rigley|archive-date=December 17, 2013|website=New Times San Luis Obispo}}</ref> In 1993, the [[Internal Revenue Service]] dropped all litigation against the Scientology organization and recognized it as a religious institution.{{sfnm |1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1p=3 |2a1=Lewis|2y=2009a|2p=7}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Beliefs and practices ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Main|Scientology beliefs and practices}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard lies at the core of Scientology and his writings remain the source of its ideas and practices.{{sfnm|Melton|2009|1p=25|Lewis|2012|2p=133}} Sociologist of religion [[David G. Bromley]] describes Scientology as Hubbard's \"personal synthesis of philosophy, physics, and psychology\".{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=97}} Hubbard claimed that he developed his ideas through research and experimentation, rather than through revelation from a supernatural source.{{sfn|Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2009|p=231}} He published hundreds of articles and books over the course of his life.{{sfn|Lewis|2009a|p=6}} Scientologists regard his writings on Scientology as [[scripture]].{{sfnm|1a1=Melton|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Rothstein|2y=2009|2p=378}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In Scientology Hubbard's work is regarded as perfect, and no elaboration or alteration is permitted.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=665}} Hubbard described Scientology as an \"applied religious philosophy\", because, according to him, it consists of a metaphysical doctrine, a theory of psychology, and teachings in morality.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Dericquebourg |first=Regis |title=Acta Comparanda |language=en, fr |url=http://www.observatoire-religion.com/2016/12/scientology-in-a-scholarly-perspective/ |book-title=Affinities between Scientology and Theosophy |conference=International Conference \u2013 Scientology in a scholarly perspective 24\u201325th January 2014 |publisher=University of Antwerp, Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism |place=Antwerp, Belgium |year=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216050903/http://www.observatoire-religion.com/2016/12/scientology-in-a-scholarly-perspective/ |archive-date=February 16, 2017}}</ref> Hubbard incorporated a variety of [[hypnosis|hypnotic]] techniques in Scientology auditing and courses.{{sfn|Hassan|Scheflin|2024|pp=759\u2013761}} These are used as a means to create [[Psychological dependence|dependency]] and [[Obedience (human behavior)|obedience]] in followers.{{sfn|Hassan|Scheflin|2024|p=760}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard developed thousands of [[neologism]]s during his lifetime.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=665}} The [[Scientology terminology|nomenclature used by the movement]] is termed \"Scientologese\" by members.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=17, 110}} Scientologists are expected to learn this specialist terminology, the use of which separates followers from non-Scientologists.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=665}} The Scientology organization refers to its practices as \"technology\", a term often shortened to \"Tech\".{{sfn|Lewis|2009a|p=9}} Scientologists stress the \"standardness\" of this \"tech\", by which they express belief in its infallibility.{{sfn|Flinn|2009|p=217}} The Scientology organization's system of pedagogy is called \"Study Tech\" and is presented as the best method for learning.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=42}} Scientology teaches that when reading, it is very important not to go past a word one does not understand. A person should instead consult a dictionary as to the meaning of the word before progressing, something Scientology calls \"word clearing\".{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=2021|1pp=42-43|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2022|2p=7}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">According to Scientology texts, its beliefs and practices are based on rigorous research, and its doctrines are accorded a significance equivalent to scientific laws.<ref name=\"GA170-171\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006 |pp=170\u2013171}}</ref> Blind belief is held to be of lesser significance than the practical application of Scientologist methods.<ref name=\"GA170-171\" /> Adherents are encouraged to validate the practices through their personal experience.<ref name=\"GA170-171\" /> Hubbard put it this way: \"For a Scientologist, the final test of any knowledge he has gained is, 'did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didn't it?{{Single double}}<ref name=\"GA170-171\" /> Many Scientologists avoid using the words \"belief\" or \"faith\" to describe how Hubbard's teachings impacts their lives, preferring to say that they \"know\" it to be true.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=17}} Hubbard said the aim of Scientology is \"A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war; where the world can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights\".{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=56}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Stephen A. |author-link=Stephen A. Kent |title=From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2001 |ol=15521204M |isbn=0815629486 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chryssides |first1=George D. |author1-link=George Chryssides |last2=Wilkins |first2=Margaret |title=A Reader in New Religious Movements |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |year=2006 |ol=8168615M |isbn=0826461689 |page=18}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Thetan ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Excerpt|Thetan}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Auditing ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Excerpt|Auditing (Scientology)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== The Operating Thetan levels ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Operating Thetan}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Freewinds starboard.jpg|thumb|200px|The Scientology organization's cruise ship, the ''[[Freewinds]]'', staffed by Sea Org members, with OT symbol on side of ship]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The degrees above the level of Clear are called \"Operating Thetan\" or OT.{{sfnm|1a1=Bainbridge|1a2=Stark|1y=1980|1p=133|2a1=Barrett|2y=2001|2p=452|3a1=Bainbridge|3y=2009|3p=43|4a1=Harley|4a2=Kieffer|4y=2009|4p=190}} Hubbard described there being 15 OT levels, although he had only completed eight of these during his lifetime.{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=356}} OT levels nine to 15 have not been reached by any Scientologist.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=81-82}} In 1988 the Scientology organization stated that OT levels nine and ten would only be released when certain benchmarks in its expansion had been achieved.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=31}} The Church of Scientology has gone to considerable length to try to maintain the secrecy of the texts, but they remain widely available on the internet. This is partly due to litigation involving Scientology, whereby the [[Fishman Affidavit]] was leaked to the public.{{sfn|Urban|2011|pp=103, 183}} Materials have also been passed on to other sources and made available by publishers such as the media organization [[WikiLeaks]].{{sfn|Urban|2021|page=174}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">To gain the OT levels of training, a member must go to one of the Advanced Organisations or Orgs, which are based in Los Angeles, Clearwater, East Grinstead, Copenhagen, Sydney, and Johannesburg.{{sfnm|1a1=Bainbridge|1a2=Stark|1y=1980|1p=133|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2019|2p=30|3a1=Westbrook|3y=2022|3p=32}} Conservative estimates indicate that getting to OT VIII would require a minimum of payments to the Scientology organization of $350,000 to $400,000 ({{inflation|US|400000|2011|fmt=eq|r=-3}}).{{sfn|Urban|2021}}{{inflation/fn|US}} OT levels six and seven are only available at Clearwater.{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p=32}} The highest level, OT eight, is disclosed only at sea on the Scientology ship ''[[Freewinds]]'', operated by the Flag Ship Service Org.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|pp=30, 33}}<ref name=\"DavisNRMRL45-47\">Derek Davis ''New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America'', pp. 45\u201347, Baylor University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|978-0-918954-92-3}}</ref> Scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggested that the status of a person's level creates an internal class system within the Scientology organization.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=82}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Scientology organization claims that the material taught in the OT levels can only be comprehended once its previous material has been mastered and is therefore kept confidential until a person reaches the requisite level.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=47, 81}} Higher-level members typically refuse to talk about the contents of these OT levels.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=454}} Those progressing through the OT levels are taught additional, more advanced auditing techniques;{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=46}} one of the techniques taught is a method of auditing oneself,{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=47}} which is the necessary procedure for reaching OT level seven.{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p=32}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Space opera and the Wall of Fire ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Space opera in Scientology}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Xenu BBC Panorama.jpg|right|thumb|Xenu as depicted by ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'']]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The mythological framework which forms the basis for what Scientologists view as the system's path to salvation is the story of [[Xenu]].{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p=365\u2013366}} Reflecting a strong science-fiction theme within its theology,{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">15}} Scientology's teachings make reference to \"[[space opera in Scientology|space opera]]\", a term denoting events in the distant past in which \"spaceships, spacemen, [and] intergalactic travel\" all feature.{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">377}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard wrote about a great catastrophe that took place 75 million years ago.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=452}} According to this story, 75 million years ago there was a [[Galactic Confederacy]] of 76 planets ruled over by a leader called [[Xenu]]. The Confederacy was overpopulated and Xenu transported millions of aliens to earth and killed them with [[hydrogen bombs]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=91|2a1=Rothstein|2y=2009|2pp=372-373}} The thetans of those killed were then clustered together and implants were inserted into them, designed to kill any body that these thetans would subsequently inhabit should they recall the event of their destruction.{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|pp=372-373}} After the massacre, several of the officers in Xenu's service rebelled against him, ultimately capturing and imprisoning him.{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p=372}} Hubbard claimed to have discovered the Xenu myth in December 1967, having taken the \"plunge\" deep into his \"time track\".{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|pp=372-373, 375}} Scientology teaches that attempting to recover this information from the \"time track\" typically results in an individual's death, caused by the presence of Xenu's implants, but that because of Hubbard's \"technology\" this death can be avoided.{{sfnm|1a1=Rothstein|1y=2009|1pp=375-376|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=84}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:XenuWithE-Meter.jpg|thumb|A man dressed as Xenu carrying an E-meter; Scientology's critics often use Xenu to mock the movement.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=14, 86}}]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Scientology organization says that learning the Xenu myth can be harmful for those unprepared for it,{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|pp=368-369}} and the documents discussing Xenu are kept secret from most members.{{sfnm|1a1=Shermer|1y=2020|2a1=Barrett|2y=2001|2p=452|3a1=Bromley|3y=2009|3p=94}} The teachings about Xenu were later leaked by ex-members,{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p=367}} becoming a matter of public record after being submitted as evidence in court cases.<ref name=\"DoubleCrossed\">{{Cite web |first=Tony |last=Ortega |author-link=Tony Ortega |title=Double Crossed |date=December 23, 1999 |work=[</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Phoenix New Times]] |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/double-crossed-6431852 <!--reprint version omits original photographs--> |url-status=deviated |archive-url=</ins>https<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">://web.archive.org/web/20070312025501/http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-12-23/news/double-crossed/full |archive-date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=September 16, 2007}}</ref><ref name=\"Loss\">{{Cite web|first=Matt|last=Hines|title=Scientology loss keeps hyperlinks legal|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1028_3-5072581.html|website=[[CNET]]|date=September 8, 2003|access-date=September 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20061116233523/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1028_3-5072581.html|archive-date=November 16, 2006}}</ref> They are now widely available online.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=83}} Members who have been given the teachings routinely deny these teachings exist.{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=137}} Hubbard however talked about Xenu on several occasions,{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p=381}} the Xenu story bears similarities with some of the science-fiction stories Hubbard published,{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=453}} and substantial themes from the Xenu story are in Hubbard's book ''Scientology \u2013 A History of Man''.{{sfn|Rothstein|2009|p=375}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Ethics and justice ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Excerpt|Scientology ethics and justice}} </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Symbology ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|List of symbols of Scientology|Scientology beliefs and practices#Beliefs}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard created many symbolism concepts, including [[Scientology beliefs and practices#Eight dynamics|the eight dynamics]], [[Scientology beliefs and practices#ARC and KRC triangles|the ARC and KRC triangles]], the \"S and double triangle\" symbol, the [[Scientology cross]], and [[List of symbols of Scientology|many others]]. Scientology celebrates [[Scientology beliefs and practices#Holidays|seven calendar events]] including L. Ron Hubbard's birthday, Auditor's Day, and New Year's. There is a [[Scientology beliefs and practices#Sunday services|Sunday service]] which is primarily of interest for non-members and beginners. [[Scientology beliefs and practices#Rituals|Weddings and funerals]] are also held.{{sfn|Rothstein|2016}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Psychiatry, psychology, psychosis ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Main|Scientology beliefs and practices#Rejection of psychology and psychiatry}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology is vehemently opposed to psychiatry and psychology, and wants to replace them with its own methods.{{Sfn|Kent|1999a|p=6}} The clinical and academic psychiatry community rejected Hubbard's theories in the early 1950s.{{sfn|Miller|1987|p=184}} Hubbard and his early Dianetics organization were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license in the early 1950s.{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1pp=62\u201368|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2019|2pp=81\u201383|3a1=Kent|3y=1996}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard taught that psychiatrists were responsible for a great many wrongs in the world, saying that psychiatry has at various times offered itself as a tool of political suppression and that psychiatry was responsible for the ideology of Hitler, for turning the Nazis into mass murderers, and the Holocaust.<ref name=\"GA184\" /> The Scientology organization operates the anti-psychiatry group [[Citizens Commission on Human Rights]] (CCHR), which operates [[Psychiatry: An Industry of Death]], an anti-psychiatry museum.<ref name=\"GA184\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=184}}</ref> Though Hubbard had stated psychosis was not something Scientology dealt with, after noticing many Scientologists were suffering breakdowns after using his techniques he created the [[Introspection Rundown]], a brutal and inhumane method to allegedly solve psychotic episodes.{{r|reitman|pages=208-9}} The rundown came under public scrutiny when in 1995 Scientologist [[death of Lisa McPherson|Lisa McPherson]] suffered a mental breakdown and was removed from the hospital and held in isolation at a Church of Scientology for 17 days before she died.{{r|truthrundown|page=Part 2}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Views on Hubbard ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientologists view Hubbard as an extraordinary man, but do not worship him as a deity.{{sfnm|1a1=Bigliardi|1y=2016|1p=665|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2019|2p=27|3a1=Westbrook|3y=2022|3p=14}} They regard him as the preeminent Operating Thetan who remained on Earth in order to show others the way to spiritual liberation,{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=665}} the man who discovered the source of human misery and a technology allowing everyone to achieve their true potential.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=88}} Church of Scientology management frames Hubbard's physical death as \"dropping his body\" to pursue higher levels of research not possible with an Earth-bound body.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=89}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientologists often refer to Hubbard affectionately as \"Ron\",{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=89|2a1=Bigliardi|2y=2016|2p=662|3a1=Westbrook|3y=2019|3p=24}} and many refer to him as their \"friend\".{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=89|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2019|2p=24}} The Scientology organization operates a calendar in which 1950, the year in which Hubbard's book ''Dianetics'' was published, is considered year zero, the beginning of an era. Years after that date are referred to as \"AD\" for \"After ''Dianetics''\".{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=89|2a1=Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2y=2009|2p=229}} They have also buried copies of his writings preserved on stainless steel disks in a secure underground vault in the hope of preserving them against major catastrophes.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=88}} The Church of Scientology's view of Hubbard is presented in their [[Pseudobiography of L. Ron Hubbard|hagiographical biography]] of him,{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=88\u201389, 99|2a1=Lewis|2y=2009b|2p=133}} seeking to present him as \"a person of exceptional character, morals and intelligence\".{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=22}} Critics of Hubbard and his organization claim that many of the details of his life as he presented it were false.{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=89|2a1=Urban|2y=2012|2p=338}} Every Scientology Org maintains an office set aside for Hubbard in perpetuity, set out to imitate those he used in life,{{sfnm|1a1=Cowan|1y=2009|1p=63|2a1=Palmer|2y=2009|2p=295|3a1=Westbrook|3y=2019|3p=22}} and will typically have a bust or large framed photograph of him on display.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=22}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== The Church of Scientology ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Main|Church of Scientology|List of Scientology organizations}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Super Power building.jpg|thumb|The [[Super Power Building]] of the FLAG Scientology complex in [[Clearwater, Florida]]]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Church of Scientology is headquartered at \"[[Gold Base]]\" in [[Riverside County, California]], where the highest [[Sea Org]] officials work,{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1p=10|2a1=Lewis|2a2=Helles\u00f8y|2y=2017|2p=216}} and at \"Flag Land Base\" in [[Clearwater, Florida]].{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=7-8}} The organization operates on a hierarchical and top-down basis,{{sfnm|1a1=Cusack|1y=2009|1pp=394, 397|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=5}} being largely bureaucratic in structure.{{sfn|Dericquebourg|2009|p=177}} It claims to be the only true voice of Scientology.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=39}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The internal structure of Scientology organizations is strongly bureaucratic with a focus on statistics-based management.<ref name=\"GA180\" /> Organizational operating budgets are performance-related and subject to frequent reviews.<ref name=\"GA180\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">By 2011, the organization was claiming over 700 centers in 65 countries.{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1p=1|2a1=Urban|2y=2012|2p=335}} Smaller centres are called \"missions\".{{sfn|Lewis|2009b|p=134}} The largest number of these are in the U.S., with the second largest number being in Europe.{{sfn|Rigal-Cellard|2009|p=326}} Missions are established by missionaries, who are referred to as \"mission holders\".{{sfn|Rigal-Cellard|2009|p=325}} Members can establish a mission wherever they wish but must fund it themselves; the missions are not financially supported by the central organization.{{sfn|Rigal-Cellard|2009|p=327}} Mission holders must purchase all of the necessary material from the central Church of Scientology; as of 2001, the Mission Starter Pack cost $35,000 ({{inflation|US|35000|2001|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Rigal-Cellard|2009|p=328}}{{inflation/fn|US}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Scientology Cross Logo.png|thumb|upright|left|The eight-pointed [[Scientology cross]], one of the symbols created to give Scientology the trappings of a religion.<ref name=Wr13b>{{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Wright |title=Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-307-70066-7 |ol=25424776M |page=227 |url=https://archive.org/details/goingclearscient00lawr/page/227/mode/1up?view=theater |quote=There was a deliberate campaign to provide religious cloaking for the church's activities. A Scientology cross was created. Scientology ministers now appeared wearing Roman collars.}}</ref>{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}} Urban suggested it was modeled on the eight-pointed cross used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=352}}]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Each mission or Org is a corporate entity, established as a licensed franchise, and operating as a commercial company.{{sfnm|1a1=Bromley|1y=2009|1p=98|2a1=Rigal-Cellard|2y=2009|2p=327}} Each franchise sends part of its earnings, which have been generated through beginner-level auditing, to the International Management.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=98}} Bromley observed that an entrepreneurial incentive system pervades the organization, with individual members and organizations receiving payment for bringing in new people or for signing them up for more advanced services.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=99}} The individual and collective performances of different members and missions are gathered, being called \"stats\".{{sfn|Bromley|2009|pp=98-99}} Performances that are an improvement on the previous week are termed \"up stats\"; those that show a decline are \"down stats\".{{sfn|Lewis|2009b|p=120}} According to leaked tax documents, the Church of Scientology International and Church of Spiritual Technology in the US had a combined $1.7 billion in assets in 2012, in addition to annual revenues estimated at $200 million a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/church-of-scientology-worth-more-than-12-billion-according-to-new-tax-documents-2014-4|title=Church Of Scientology Worth More Than $1.2 Billion, According To New Tax Docs|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website=Business Insider}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Internal organization ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|Office of Special Affairs|Guardian's Office}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Church of Spiritual Technology ranch Creston.jpg|thumb|The [[Church of Spiritual Technology]] (CST) ranch in Creston, California, where Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard spent his last days. The CST symbol is visible within a racetrack.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Sea Org is the organization's primary management unit,{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=99}} containing the highest ranks in its hierarchy.<ref name=\"GA180\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=180}}</ref> Its members are often recruited from the children of existing Scientologists,{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=42}} and sign up to a \"billion-year contract\" to serve the organization.{{sfnm|1a1=Kent|1y=1999a|1p=7|2a1=Bromley|2y=2009|2p=99|3a1=Urban|3y=2011|3p=36|4a1=Halupka|4y=2014|4p=618}} Kent described that for adult Sea Org members with minor children, their work obligations took priority, damaged parent-child relations, and has led to cases of severe child neglect and endangerment.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|pp=7\u201311}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The [[Rehabilitation Project Force]] (RPF) is the Church of Scientology's disciplinary program,{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=10}} where Sea Org members deemed to have seriously deviated from its teachings are placed.{{sfnm|1a1=Kent|1y=1999a|1p=11|2a1=Halupka|2y=2014|2p=618}}<ref name=\"GA181\" /> They will often face a hearing, the \"Committee of Evidence\", which determines if they will be sent to the RPF.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|pp=11\u201312}} The RPF operates out of several locations.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=11}} It involves a daily regimen of five hours of auditing or studying, eight hours of work, often physical labor, such as building renovation, and at least seven hours of sleep.<ref name=\"GA181\" /> Journalists have condemned RPF practices for violating human rights;{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=10}} and criticized the Scientology organization for placing children as young as twelve into the RPF, engaging them in [[Forced labour|forced labor]] and denying access to their parents, violating [[Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref name=\"kent\"/> The RPF has contributed to characterizations of the organization as a cult.{{sfn|Halupka|2014|p=618}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Office of Special Affairs or ''OSA'' (formerly the ''Guardian's Office'') is a department of the Church of Scientology which has been characterized as a non-state [[intelligence agency]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Understanding Scientology | chapter= 12: OSA (Office of </ins>Special <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Affairs) \u2013 The Secret CIA of Scientology |first=Margery | last=Wakefield |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us-12.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |via=[[David S. Touretzky]]}}</ref><ref>Cisar, Joe (translator) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040919194149/http://www.lermanet.com/cisar/books/trn1053.htm The Guardian Office (GO)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Hamburg Regional Office of the German Constitutional Security Agency |url=http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/behoerden/inneres/landesamt-fuer-verfassungsschutz/publikationen/pdf-bibliothek/scientology-organisation-pdf,property=source.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614094335/http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/behoerden/inneres/landesamt-fuer-verfassungsschutz/publikationen/pdf-bibliothek/scientology-organisation-pdf,property=source.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2006 |title=Der Geheimdienst der Scientology-Organisation \u2013 Grundlagen, Aufgaben, Strukturen, Methoden und Ziele \u2013 Zweite Auflage, Stand 06.05.1998}}</ref> It has targeted critics of the organization for \"[[dead agent]]\" operations, which is mounting [[character assassination]] operations against perceived enemies.<ref name=\"woods3\">{{Cite news|date=9 June 1999</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| last = Dyer | first = Clare</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|title=Scientologists pay for libel|url=http</ins>:/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jun/09/claredyer|access-date=2023-01-28|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A 1990 article in the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that in the 1980s the Scientology organization more commonly used private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers, to give themselves a layer of protection in case embarrassing tactics were used and became public.<ref name=\"On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes, Los Angeles Times, June 29, 1990\" /> The [[International Association of Scientologists]] operates to advance the cause of the Scientology organization and its members across the world.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=5}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Promotional material ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Celebrity Centres|Scientology and celebrities}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">CelebrityCentre.jpg|thumb|right|The Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre in Hollywood, Los Angeles]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Scientology organization employs a range of media to promote itself and attract converts.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=32}} Hubbard promoted Scientology through a vast range of books, articles, and lectures.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=665}} It publishes several magazines, including ''Source'', ''Advance'', ''The Auditor'', and ''Freedom''.{{sfn|Lewis|2009a|p=6}} It has established a publishing press, New Era,{{sfnm|1a1=Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|1y=2009|1p=229|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=51}} and the audiovisual publisher Golden Era.{{sfn| Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df|2009|p=229}} It has also used the Internet for promotional purposes,{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=34}} and employed advertising to attract potential converts, including in high-profile locations such as television ads during the 2014 and 2020 [[Super Bowl]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Bigliardi|1y=2016|1p=675|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=33}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The organization has long used celebrities as a means of promoting itself, starting with Hubbard's \"Project Celebrity\" in 1955 and followed by its first Scientology [[Celebrity Centre]] in 1969.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=33}} The Celebrity Centre headquarters is in Hollywood; other branches are in Dallas, Nashville, Las Vegas, New York City, and Paris.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=51}} In 1955, Hubbard created a </ins>list <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">of 63 celebrities targeted for conversion to Scientology.<ref name=\"Shaw_telegraph\">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3671262/What-do-Tom-Cruise-and-John-Travolta-know-about-Scientology-that-we-dont.html|title=What do Tom Cruise and John Travolta know about Scientology that we don't?|last=Shaw|first=William|date=February 14, 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=June 25, 2009 | location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223012810/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3671262/What-do-Tom-Cruise-and-John-Travolta-know-about-Scientology-that-we-dont.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref> Prominent celebrities who have joined the organization include [[John Travolta]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Kirstie Alley]], [[Nancy Cartwright]], and [[Juliette Lewis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Cusack|1y=2009|1p=389|2a1=Urban|2y=2011|2p=1|3a1=Urban|3y=2012|3p=335|4a1=Westbrook|4y=2019|4p=51}} It uses celebrity involvement to make itself appear more desirable.{{sfn|Cusack|2009|p=396}} Other new religious movements have similarly pursued celebrity involvement such as the [[Church of Satan]], [[Transcendental Meditation]], [[ISKCON]], and the [[Kabbalah Centre]].{{sfn|Cusack|2009|p=396\u2013397}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Social outreach ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Several Scientology organizations promote the use of Scientology practices as a means to solve social problems. Scientology began to focus on these issues in the early 1970s. The Church of Scientology developed outreach programs that say they aim to fight drug addiction, illiteracy, learning disabilities and criminal behavior. They have been presented to schools, businesses and communities as secular techniques based on Hubbard's writings.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Neusner |first1=Jacob |title=World Religions in America |edition= 4th |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2009 }}</ref> They have been described as part of the Scientology organization's \"war\" against the discipline of psychiatry.{{sfn|Lewis|Helles\u00f8y|2017|pp=565\u2013569}} Some critics regard this outreach as merely a public relations exercise.{{sfn|Lewis|2009a|p=9}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1966, the Church of Scientology repackaged Hubbard's theories about drugs into a drug rehabilitation program it calls [[Narconon]], which purports to treat addicts through sweating in a sauna and using other Scientology techniques and processes.{{sfnm|1a1=Andersen|1a2=Wellendorf|1y=2009|1p=155|2a1=Bromley|2y=2009|2p=97|3a1=Lewis|3y=2009a|3p=9}} It has been described as a front group for recruiting into Scientology.<ref name=\"sunday_times_1\">{{Cite news|title=Drugs charity is front for 'dangerous' organisation; Insight; Focus|url=http://www.scientology-lies.com/press/sunday-times/2007-01-07/drugs-charity-is-front-for-dangerous-organisation.html|access-date=20 March 2014|newspaper=[[Sunday Times]]|date=7 January 2007|quote=Narconon's international website claims: \"The ministry of health in England [sic] has also directly funded Narconon residential rehabilitation.\" But the Department of Health denies any knowledge of this. ... Professor Stephen Kent, a Canadian academic who is an authority on Scientology, said: \"The connection between Narconon and Scientology is solid. Of course, Scientology tries to get non-Scientologists involved in the programme, but the engine behind the programme is Scientology.\" ... The British government expressed concern about Narconon as long as eight years ago. A 1998 memo from the Home Office's drug strategy unit warned that the charity had its \"roots in the Church of Scientology and (is) not in the mainstream of drug rehabilitation\". Tower Hamlets council in east London advises its schools against using Narconon. DrugScope, one of the UK's main drug charities, said: \"We feel that the quality of Narconon's information is not objective and non-judgmental. It does not have any credibility.\" Stephen Shaw, the prisons ombudsman, advised that inmates in British jails should not receive drug education from Narconon because it is so \"closely associated with the Church of Scientology\".}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Behar|1991}}: \"Hubbard's purification treatments are the mainstay of Narconon, a Scientology-run chain of 33 alcohol and drug rehabilitation centers\u2014some in prisons under the name \"Criminon\"\u2014in 12 countries. Narconon, a classic vehicle for drawing addicts into the cult, now plans to open what it calls the world's largest treatment center, a 1,400-bed facility on an Indian reservation near Newkirk, Okla. (pop. 2,400). At a 1989 ceremony in Newkirk, the Association for Better Living and Education presented Narconon a check for $200,000 and a study praising its work. The association turned out to be part of Scientology itself. Today the town is battling to keep out the cult, which has fought back through such tactics as sending private detectives to snoop on the mayor and the local newspaper publisher.\"</ref><ref name=dsp91>{{Cite news|title=What Germans think about their Narconon |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=21 October 1991 |url=http://www.xenu-directory.net/mirrors/www.whyaretheydead.net/krasel/spiegel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114205/http://www.xenu-directory.net/mirrors/www.whyaretheydead.net/krasel/spiegel.html |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |access-date=20 March 2014|url-status=usurped |quote=The enterprising Scientology sect increases its profits thanks to the misery of addicts. The cover organization, Narconon, offers drug rehabilitation therapy that, in the opinion of experts and doctors in the field, is not only useless but also dangerous. ... Narconon closely follows the motto of the Scientology sect's founder, Lafayette Ron Hubbard, who died in 1986 at the age of 74. The discoverer of this pseudo-scientific hocus pocus, gave this advice: Make money, make more money, make other people make money. The disciples at Narconon follow this order. It is officially an independent subsidiary of Scientology. The Scientologists have developed countless supposedly humanitarian initiatives around their church. One example is the commission for the violations of psychiatry against human rights. Another is the organization for the furthering of religious tolerance and interhuman relations. In fact all these activities, like the drug rehabilitation program, are only to further the fame and increase the paying followers of the sect.}}</ref> [[Criminon]] is the organization's criminal rehabilitation program.{{sfn|Bromley|2009|p=97}}<ref name=\"GA182\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=182}}</ref> Its [[Applied Scholastics]] program, established in 1972, employs Hubbard's pedagogical methods to help students.{{sfnm|1a1=Andersen|1a2=Wellendorf|1y=2009|1p=155|2a1=Bromley|2y=2009|2p=98}}<ref name=\"GA183\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=183}}</ref> [[The Way to Happiness|The Way to Happiness Foundation]] promotes a moral code written by Hubbard, to date translated into more than 40 languages.<ref name=\"GA183\" /> Narconon, Criminon, Applied Scholastics, and The Way to Happiness operate under the management banner of [[Association for Better Living and Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-05/scientology-campaign-to-push-educational-materials-in-schools/11069666 |title=Scientology's controversial push to enter schools with learning material \u2014 including in Australia |date=4 May 2019 |first=Sean |last=Mantesso |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Online]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sfgate.com/education/article/Narconon-Misleading-antidrug-program-back-in-5504351.php |title=Narconon: Misleading antidrug program back in public schools |date=May 25, 2014 |first=Nanette |last=Asimov |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle|SFGate.com]] }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The [[World Institute of Scientology Enterprises]] (WISE) applies Scientology practices to business management.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=4}}<ref name=\"GA183\" /> The most prominent training supplier to make use of Hubbard's technology is [[Sterling Management Systems]].<ref name=\"GA183\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Scientology Volunteer Ministers doing medical work in Haiti 2010.jpg|thumb|A Church Volunteer Minister, wearing distinct yellow clothing, in Haiti in 2010]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard devised the [[Volunteer Ministers|Volunteer Minister Program]] in 1973.{{sfn|Cusack|Digance|2009|p=436}} They offer help and counseling to those in distress; this includes the Scientological technique of providing \"[[touch assist|assists]]\".{{sfn|Cusack|Digance|2009|p=436}} After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in New York City, Volunteer Ministers were on the site of [[Ground Zero]] within hours of the attack;{{sfn|Cusack|Digance|2009|pp=435-436}} they subsequently went to New Orleans after [[Hurricane Katrina]].{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=9}} Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Winn|first1=Patrick|title=Scientologists are in Nepal trying to 'heal' trauma victims|url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6550051/2015/05/15/scientologists-are-nepal-trying-heal-trauma-victims|access-date=December 16, 2015|work=Global Post|date=May 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Winn|first1=Patrick|title=Scientology's global disaster squad|url=https://www.minnpost.com/global-post/2011/04/scientology%E2%80%99s-global-disaster-squad|access-date=December 16, 2015|work=MinnPost|date=April 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goodman |first1=Peter S. |title=For Tsunami Survivors, A Touch of Scientology (washingtonpost.com) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43291-2005Jan27.html |access-date=February 22, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 28, 2005}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 2010, hundreds of members of the [[Nation of Islam]] attended a Dianetics seminar near the group's Chicago headquarters, where they were introduced to Scientology auditing practices. [[Louis Farrakhan]] subsequently encouraged his followers to study Scientology, telling them that its techniques could help address the struggles of African Americans, and stated that \"nobody can lead in our Nation until and unless they become clear.\" By 2012, according to the Nation of Islam newspaper ''[[The Final Call (newspaper)|The Final Call]]'', more than 1,000 members had been certified as auditors and several thousand others were studying Scientology materials. The Church of Scientology opened new facilities in [[Harlem]] and [[Inglewood, California]], and former officials reported that course costs for Nation members were sometimes reduced, though the Church denied giving special treatment. Farrakhan described the relationship as a \"long and beautiful\" alliance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gray |first=Eliza |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Thetans and Bowties |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/108205/scientology-joins-forces-with-nation-of-islam |access-date=2025-09-08 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Responses to opponents ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|Scientology ethics and justice|Suppressive person|Disconnection (Scientology)|Fair game (Scientology)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Scientology organization regards itself as the victim of media and governmental persecution,{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=2}} and the scholar of religion [[Douglas Cowan]] observed that \"claims to systematic persecution and harassment\" are part of the internal culture.{{sfn|Cowan|2009|p=68}} In turn, Urban noted the organization has \"tended to respond very aggressively to its critics, mounting numerous lawsuits and at times using extralegal means to respond to those who threaten it.\"{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=2}} The organization has often responded to criticism by [[ad hominem]] attacks.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=446}} Its approach to targeting critics has often generated more negative attention for their organization,{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=30}} with Lewis commenting that it \"has proven to be its own worst enemy\" in this regard.{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=140}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">It has a reputation for litigiousness stemming from its involvement in a large number of legal conflicts.{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=134}} Barrett characterized the organization as \"one of the most litigious religions in the world\".{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=471}} It has conducted lawsuits against governments, organizations, and individuals, both to counter criticisms made against it and to gain legal recognition as a religion.{{sfn|Richardson|2009|p=283}} J.P. Kumar, who studied the litigation, argued that victory was not always important to the organization; what was important was depleting the resources and energies of its critics.{{sfn|Halupka|2014|p=620}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Suppressive persons and fair game ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Those deemed hostile to the Church of Scientology, including ex-members, are labeled \"[[suppressive person]]s\" or SPs.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=463|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=30}} Hubbard maintained that 20 percent of the population would be classed as \"suppressive persons\" because they were truly malevolent or dangerous: \"the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords\".<ref name=\"GA177\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=177}}</ref><ref name=\"ZP146-147\">{{harvnb|Zellner|Petrowsky|1998|pp=146\u2013147}}</ref> If the organization declares that one of its members is an SP, all other members are forbidden from further contact with them, an act it calls \"[[disconnection (Scientology)|disconnection]]\".{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=30}} Any member breaking this rule is labeled a \"[[potential trouble source]]\" (PTS) and unless they swiftly cease all contact they can be labeled an SP themselves.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=30-31}}<ref name=\"newreli\">{{Cite book |author=Bednarowski, Mary Farrell |title=New Religions and the Theological Imagination in America (Religion in North America) |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |year=1995 |page=114 |isbn=978-0-253-20952-8}}</ref>{{r|Bednarowski}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In an October 1968 letter to members, Hubbard wrote about a policy called \"[[Fair game (Scientology)|fair game]]\" which was directed at SPs and other perceived threats to the organization.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=463}}<ref name=\"urban2008\">{{Cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|year=2008|title=Secrecy and New Religious Movements: Concealment, Surveillance, and Privacy in a New Age of Information|journal=Religion Compass|volume=2|issue=1|pages=66\u201383|issn=1749-8171|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2007.00052.x}}</ref> Here he stated that these individuals \"may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologists. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed\".{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=463|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=30}} Following strong criticism, the organization said that it formally ended Fair Game a month later, with Hubbard stating that he had never intended \"to authorize illegal or harassment type acts against anyone.\"{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=464}} Critics and some scholarly observers argue that its practices reflect that the policy remains in place.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=464|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=31}} It is \"widely asserted\" by former members that Fair Game is still employed;{{sfn|Doherty|2014|p=46}} [[Stacy Brooks]], a former member of the internal Office of Special Affairs, stated in court that \"practices which were formerly called 'Fair Game' continue to be employed, although the term 'Fair Game' is no longer used.\"{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=464}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies, including a [[Operation Snow White|program of illegal infiltration]] of the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] and other [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] agencies during the 1970s.<ref name=\"urban2006\">Urban, Hugh B. ''Magia sexualis: sex, magic, and liberation in modern Western esotericism'', p. 137. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24776-5}}</ref><ref name=\"urban2008\" /> They also conducted private investigations, [[character assassination]] and [[lawsuit|legal action]] against the organization's critics in the media.<ref name=\"urban2006\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The [[Scientology ethics and justice]] system regulates member behavior,<ref name=\"GA180\" /> and [[Scientology ethics and justice#Ethics officer|Ethics officers]] are present in every Scientology organization. Ethics officers ensure \"correct application of Scientology technology\" and deal with \"behavior adversely affecting a Scientology organization's performance\", ranging from \"errors\" and \"misdemeanors\" to \"crimes\" and \"suppressive acts\", as those terms defined by Scientology.<ref name=\"GA181\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=181}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Scientologists ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Excerpt|List of Scientologists}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Free Zone and independent Scientology ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Excerpt|Free Zone (Scientology)|paragraphs=1}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Controversies ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Main|Scientology controversies}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Scientology and the legal system}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Scientology warning leaflet.jpg|right|thumb|Official German information leaflets from the Bavarian [[Bundesamt f\u00fcr Verfassungsschutz|Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] on (from left to right) [[Islamic extremism]], Scientology, and [[organized crime]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lfv.bayern.de/service/berichte/ |title=Publications listing on the website of the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution |publisher=Lfv.bayern.de |access-date=September 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219142633/http://www.lfv.bayern.de/service/berichte/ |archive-date=February 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71382.htm|title=Germany|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Urban described the Church of Scientology as \"the world's most controversial new religion\",{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=9}} while Lewis termed it \"arguably the most ''persistently'' controversial\" of contemporary new religious movements.{{sfnm|1a1=Lewis|1y=2009a|1p=4|2a1=Lewis|2y=2012|2p=133}} According to Urban, the organization had \"a documented history of extremely problematic behavior ranging from espionage against government agencies to shocking attacks on critics of the organization and abuse of its own members.\"{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=7}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A first point of controversy was its response to its rejection by the scientific establishment. Another was a 1991 [[The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power|''Time'' magazine article]] about the organization, which responded with a major lawsuit that was rejected by the court as baseless early in 1992. A third is its religious tax status in the United States, as the IRS granted the organization tax-exempt status in 1993.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEy-BgAAQBAJ&q=controversy&pg=PT9 |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=November 5, 2015 |isbn=978-0-19-988711-8 |date=March 11, 2009 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">It has been in conflict with the governments and police forces of many countries (including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,<ref name=Mo99/> France<ref>{{Cite news|first=Pierre-Antoine|last=Souchard|title=Scientology Fraud Conviction Upheld |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/02/scientology-fraud-conviction_n_1249314.html|work=Huffington Post|date=February 2, 2012|access-date=February 3, 2012|quote=A French appeals court on Thursday upheld the Church of Scientology's 2009 fraud conviction on charges it pressured members into paying large sums for questionable remedies. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103145947/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/02/scientology-fraud-conviction_n_1249314.html|archive-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> and Germany).<ref name=\"TimeVenus\">{{Cite magazine|title=Remember Venus? |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,889564,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=December 22, 1952 |access-date=July 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721151655/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C889564%2C00.html |archive-date=July 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Behar|1991}}{{r|leiby}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2001/schoen2001.pdf |title=Marburg Journal of Religion: Framing Effects in the Coverage of Scientology versus Germany: Some Thoughts on the Role of Press and Scholars |publisher=Web.uni-marburg.de |date=May 22, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409133339/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2001/schoen2001.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |first=Brigitte |last=Sch\u00f6n}}</ref> It has been one of the most litigious religious movements in history, filing countless lawsuits against governments, organizations and individuals.<ref>{{harvnb|Richardson|2009|p=283}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard himself was convicted of [[fraud]] ''in [[Trial in absentia|absentia]]'' by a French court in 1978 and sentenced to four years in prison.<ref name=Mo99/> In 1992, a court in Canada [[R v Church of Scientology of Toronto|convicted the Scientology organization in Toronto]] of spying on law enforcement and government agencies and criminal breach of trust, later upheld by the [[Ontario Court of Appeal]].<ref name=\"The Buffalo News\"/><ref name=\"canlii.org\"/> The Church of Scientology was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a judgment upheld by the supreme [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] in 2013.<ref name=TorygrFraud13/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Reports and allegations have been made, by journalists, courts, and governmental bodies of several countries, that the Church of Scientology is an unscrupulous commercial enterprise that harasses its critics and brutally exploits its members.{{r|leiby}}<ref name=\"CNET - Goodin Scientology\">{{Cite web |last=Goodin |first=Dan |date=June 3, 1999 |title=Scientology subpoenas Worldnet |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-226676.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128164549/http://news.com.com/2100-1023-226676.html |archive-date=January 28, 2007 |access-date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=CNET News.com}}</ref> A considerable amount of investigation has been aimed at the organization, by groups ranging from the media to governmental agencies.{{r|leiby}}<ref name=\"CNET - Goodin Scientology\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The controversies involving the Church of Scientology, some of them ongoing, include:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Criminal behavior by members of the organization, including the infiltration of the US Government.{{sfn|Behar|1991}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Organized harassment of people perceived as enemies of the Church of Scientology.{{sfn|Behar|1991}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Scientology's [[disconnection (Scientology)|disconnection]] policy, in which some members are required to shun friends or family members who are \"antagonistic\" to the organization.<ref name=\"Cooper\"/><ref name=\"unperson\">{{Cite news|first=Robert|last=Farley|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/24/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml|title=The unperson|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|date=June 24, 2006|pages=1A,14A|access-date=June 24, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022023/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/24/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2007}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* The death of Scientologist [[Lisa McPherson]] while in the care of the organization. [[Bob Minton|Robert Minton]] sponsored the multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Scientology for the death of McPherson. In May 2004, McPherson's estate and the Church of Scientology reached a confidential settlement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Farley|first=Robert|title=Scientologists settle death suit|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|date=May 29, 2004|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/05/29/Tampabay/Scientologists_settle.shtml|access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204647/http://www.sptimes.com/2004/05/29/Tampabay/Scientologists_settle.shtml|archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Attempts to legally force search engines to censor information critical of the Scientology organization.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Matt Loney |author2=Evan Hansen |title=Google pulls anti-Scientology links |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-865936.html |publisher=[[CNET]</ins>] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|date=March 21, 2002 |access-date=May 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015221649/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-865936.html |archive-date=October 15, 2008 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Allegations the organization's leader David Miscavige beats and demoralizes staff, and that physical violence by superiors towards staff working for them is a common occurrence in the organization.{{r|truthrundown}}<ref>{{Cite news | first = Thomas C. Tobin| last = Joe Childs | title =Scientology: Ecclesiastical justice | url =http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece | newspaper = [[St Petersburg Times]] | date = June 23, 2009 | access-date = June 23, 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117071232/http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece| archive-date =January 17, 2013}}</ref> Scientology spokesman [[Thomas W. Davis|Tommy Davis]] denied these claims and provided witnesses to rebut them.{{r|truthrundown}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Stephen A. Kent]], a professor of sociology, has said that \"Scientologists see themselves as possessors of doctrines and skills that can save the world, if not the galaxy.\"{{r|reitman-rs}} As stated in Scientology doctrine: \"The whole agonized future of this planet, every man, woman and child on it, and your own destiny for the next endless trillions of years depend on what you do here and now with and in Scientology.\"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hubbard |first=L. Ron |date=7 February 1965 |chapter=Keeping Scientology Working Series 1 |type=This document was included in the attached documents submitted to the IRS in 1993. |title=Chaplain Mini Hat |chapter-url=http://www.xenu-directory.net/documents/corporate/irs/1993-1023-csi-attachedstatement-exhibit-15.pdf#page=12 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907083544/http://www.xenu-directory.net/documents/corporate/irs/1993-1023-csi-attachedstatement-exhibit-15.pdf#page=12 |archive-date=2012-09-07 |at=Page with [[Bates numbering|Bates#]] 240513}}</ref> Kent has described the [[Scientology ethics and justice]] system as \"a peculiar brand of morality that uniquely benefited [the Church of Scientology]&nbsp;... In plain English, the purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents, then eliminate people's interests in things other than Scientology.\"<ref name=\"kent\">{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen A. Kent|date=September 2003|title=Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate: A Reply to Leisa Goodman, J. Gordon Melton, and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]|publisher=[[University of Marburg]]|volume=8|issue=1|url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3725|access-date=May 21, 2006 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629063543/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent3.html|archive-date=June 29, 2006 |doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3725}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Many former members have come forward to speak out about the organization and the negative effects its teachings have had on them, including celebrities such as [[Leah Remini]]. Remini spoke about her split from the Church of Scientology, saying that she still maintains friendships within the organization, but is prohibited from communicating with those individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eggenberger|first=Nicole|date=10 September 2013</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211091352/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/leah-remini-tells-ellen-degeneres-she-lost-friends-after-leaving-scientology-2013109 |archive-date=December 11, 2013</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|title=Leah Remini \"Lost Friends\" After Leaving Scientology|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/leah-remini-tells-ellen-degeneres-she-lost-friends-after-leaving-scientology-2013109/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Throughout the early 1950s, adherents of Hubbard were arrested for practicing medicine without a license. In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against the Dianetic Research Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license. In January 1963 [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]] raided the [[Founding Church of Scientology]] in Washington.{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1pp=62\u201368|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2019|2pp=81\u201383|3a1=Kent|3y=1996}} Scientology social programs such as drug and criminal rehabilitation have also drawn both support and criticism.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Luke|last=Gianni|title=Scientology does detox \u2013 David E. Root, M.D|url=http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/Content?oid=283982|work=local stories &gt; 15 minutes|publisher=[[Sacramento News & Review]]|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=May 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130095718/http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/content?oid=283982|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Monserrate Defends Detox Program|url=http://www.observer.com/2007/monserrate-defends-detox-program|website=The Politicker|publisher=[[New York Observer]]|date=April 20, 2007|access-date=November 27, 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205072549/http://www.observer.com/2007/monserrate-defends-detox-program|archive-date=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Lauren|last=Etter|title=Program for prisoners draws fire over Scientology|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07019/755193-28.stm|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=January 19, 2007|access-date=November 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118044712/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07019/755193-28.stm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2012}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Hubbard's motives ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Common criticisms directed at Hubbard was that he drew upon pre-existing sources and the allegation that he was motivated by financial reasons.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=27}} A number of Hubbard's letters and directives to his subordinates support the notion that he used religion as a fa\u00e7ade for Scientology to maintain [[tax exemption|tax-exempt]] status{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}} and avoid further prosecutions (a number of Dianetics or Scientology practitioners had already been arrested) for medical claims.{{sfn|Kent|1996}} The IRS cited a statement frequently attributed to Hubbard that the way to get rich was to found a religion.<ref name=\"Bare-faced Messiah220\"/> Many of Hubbard's colleagues in the science fiction community, including [[Sam Merwin Jr.|Sam Merwin]], [[Lloyd Arthur Eshbach]] and [[Sam Moskowitz|Sam Moscowitz]], recall Hubbard raising the topic in conversation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Over my shoulder : reflections on a science fiction era|last=Eshbach|first=Lloyd Arthur|date=1983|publisher=O. Train|isbn=978-1-880418-11-6|location=Philadelphia|oclc=939141508}}</ref>{{sfn|Miller|1987|pages=117,133,148}}<ref>{{harvnb|Atack|1990|pp=137\u2013152}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'''s Janet Reitman also attributed the statement to Hubbard, as a remark to science fiction writer [[Lloyd Eshbach]] and recorded in Eshbach's autobiography.{{r|reitman-rs}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Secrecy and deception ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology has been called \"America\u2019s most secretive religion\".{{r|reitman}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Some information about the Scientology belief system is kept hidden from most Scientologists, with layers of secrecy and [[obfuscation]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hammer|1a2=Rothstein|1y=2012|1p=123|2a1=Urban|2y=2021|2p=166}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard and his followers have been accused of organized deception, and Hubbard taught insiders that \"The only way you can control people is to lie to them.\"<ref>{{cite book | last1=Lewis | first1=James R. | title=Handbook of Scientology | date=January 5, 2017 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-33054-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dfzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA309 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Alexis | first1=Jonas E. | title=Christianity's Dangerous Idea: How the Christian Principle and Spirit Offer the Best Explanation for Life and Why Other Alternatives Fail: Volume One | date=2010 | publisher=AuthorHouse | isbn=978-1-4520-0611-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZEXJm4JIbEC&pg=PA424 }}</ref> In 1983, Hubbard's estranged son [[Ronald DeWolf]] argued that \"99% of what my father ever wrote or said about himself is totally untrue\".<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi6aTe6T5LE |title=Morning Break |work=[[WUSA (TV)|WDVM]] |date=1983 |time=01:03}}</ref> <!-- Former Scientology leader Bill Franks recalled that in August 1974, Hubbard sent a secret dispatch telling him and David Mayo that \"Overts and Witholders\" didn't actually exist, but if that secret were widely known, he would lose control over the organization.<ref>youtube.com/watch?v=_mO_HPwmCV0&t=2707s</ref>--></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Criminal behavior ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{see also|Operation Snow White|Operation Freakout|Scientology and law}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Paulette cooper.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Author [[Paulette Cooper]] was indicted for making bomb threats after she was [[Frameup|framed]] by agents of the Church of Scientology.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1978, a number of Scientologists, including L.&nbsp;Ron Hubbard's wife [[Mary Sue Hubbard]] (who was second in command in the organization at the time), were convicted of perpetrating what was at the time the largest incident of domestic espionage in the history of the United States, called \"[[Operation Snow White]]\". This involved infiltrating, wiretapping, and stealing documents from the offices of Federal attorneys and the Internal Revenue Service.<ref name=\"nr4186\">{{Cite book|title = National Reporting, 1941\u20131986|last = Ficsher|first = Erika|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|page = 302}}</ref> L.&nbsp;Ron Hubbard was convicted ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' by French authorities of engaging in fraud and sentenced to four years in prison.<ref name=Mo99>{{Cite news|first=Lucy |last=Morgan |title=Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/32999/Worldandnation/Abroad__Critics_publi.html |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=March 29, 1999 |access-date=November 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219080712/http://www.sptimes.com/News/32999/Worldandnation/Abroad__Critics_publi.html |archive-date=December 19, 2007 }}</ref> The head of the French Church of Scientology was convicted at the same trial and given a suspended one-year prison sentence.<ref>''Catholic Sentinel'', March 17, 1978</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">An FBI raid on the Church of Scientology's headquarters revealed documentation that detailed Scientology's criminal actions against various critics of the organization. In \"[[Operation Freakout]]\", agents of the organization attempted to destroy [[Paulette Cooper]], author of ''The Scandal of Scientology'', an early book that had been critical of the movement.<ref name=\"sptimes1979\">{{Cite web |url=http://sptimes.com/2006/webspecials06/scientology/Scientology_Special_Report.pdf |title=Scientology: An in-depth profile of a new force in Clearwater |date=1979 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809193839/http://sptimes.com/2006/webspecials06/scientology/Scientology_Special_Report.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2007 |first=Charles |last=Stafford |publisher=[[St Petersburg Times]] }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/bette-swenson-orsini-and-charles-stafford |title=The 1980 Pulitzer Prize Winner in National Reporting |website=[[Pulitzer Prize|The Pulitzer Prizes]]}}</ref> Among these documents was a plan to frame [[Gabe Cazares]], the mayor of [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]], Florida, with a staged hit-and-run accident. Nine individuals related to the case were prosecuted on charges of theft, burglary, conspiracy, and other crimes.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1988, Scientology president [[Heber Jentzsch]] and ten other members of the organization were arrested in Spain on various charges including illicit association, coercion, fraud, and labor law violations.<ref name=\"SPTHarassment\"/> In October 2009, the Church of Scientology was found guilty of organized fraud in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59Q1HD20091027 |title=Scientology convicted for fraud in France, escapes ban |work=Reuters |date=October 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114182557/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59Q1HD20091027 |archive-date=January 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}, ''Reuters'', October 27, 2009</ref> The sentence was confirmed by the [[Court of appeal (France)|court of appeal]] in February 2012, and by the supreme [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] in October 2013.<ref name=afpFraud12>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/french-court-upholds-scientology-fraud-conviction/ |title=French court upholds Scientology fraud conviction |website=[[CBS News]] |date=February 2, 2012 }}, ''AFP'', February 2, 2012</ref><ref name=TorygrFraud13>{{Cite news |title=Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |access-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=live |location=London |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]] |date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, Belgian prosecutors indicted Scientology as a criminal organization engaged in fraud</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">and extortion.<ref name=\"thewire\">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2012/12/belgium-scientology-charges/60398/|publisher=thewire.com|title=Could Belgium Bring Down Scientology? \u2013 The Atlantic|work=The Wire |access-date=March 13, 2017|date=December 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name=\"tonyortega2\">{{Cite web|url=http://tonyortega.org/2014/03/27/belgium-will-try-two-scientology-organizations-and-10-scientologists-for-fraud/|publisher=tonyortega.org|title=Belgium will try two Scientology organizations and 10 Scientologists for fraud ' The Underground Bunker|access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name=\"tonyortega3\">{{Cite web|url=http://tonyortega.org/2014/01/11/our-man-in-europe-reports-on-belgiums-criminal-prosecution-of-scientology/|publisher=tonyortega.org|title=Our man in Europe reports on Belgium's criminal prosecution of Scientology ' The Underground Bunker|access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref> In March 2016, the Church of Scientology was acquitted of all charges, and demands to close its Belgian branch and European headquarters were dismissed.<ref name=\"abc\">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-12/belgium-court-acquits-scientology-of-charges/7241800|publisher=abc.net.au|title=Scientology: Belgium court acquits church of organised crime charges (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=March 13, 2017|date=March 11, 2016|last1=Lewins|first1=Dean}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Organized harassment ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|Fair game (Scientology)}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology has historically engaged in hostile action toward its critics; executives within the organization have proclaimed that Scientology is \"not a [[Turn the other cheek|turn-the-other-cheek]] religion\".<ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Cite magazine | url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913995,00.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014114926/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913995,00.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= October 14, 2007 | title = A Sci-Fi Faith | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=July 24, 2009 | date=April 5, 1976}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Journalists, politicians, former Scientologists and various [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult groups]] have said that Scientology followers have engaged in organized hostility, harassment and threats, and Scientology has targeted these critics\u2013almost without exception\u2013for retaliation, in the form of lawsuits and public counter-accusations of personal wrongdoing. Many of Scientology's critics have also reported they were subject to threats and harassment in their private lives.<ref name=\"Behar2\">{{Cite magazine | first = Richard | last = Behar | author-link = Richard Behar | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972886,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071110005526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972886,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 10, 2007 | title = The Scientologists and Me |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = May 6, 1991a}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Joe |last=Strupp |title=The press vs. Scientology |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/06/30/scientology/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107223456/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/06/30/scientology/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2007 |work=[[Salon.com|Salon]] |date=June 30, 2005 |access-date=September 19, 2007 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">According to a 1990 ''Los Angeles Times'' article, the Scientology organization had largely switched from using members to using private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers, as this gives the organization a layer of protection in case investigators use tactics which might cause the organization embarrassment. In one case, the organization described their tactics as \"LAPD sanctioned\", which was energetically disputed by Police Chief Daryl Gates. The officer involved in this particular case of surveillance and harassment was suspended for six months.<ref name=\"On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes, Los Angeles Times, June 29, 1990\">{{Cite web|last1=Sappell|first1=Joel|last2=Welkos|first2=Robert W.|date=1990-06-29|title=On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-scientology062990x-story.html|access-date=2023-01-28|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128042923/https://www.latimes.com/local/la-scientology062990x-story.html|url-status=live |archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Journalist [[John Sweeney (journalist)|John Sweeney]] reported that \"While making our BBC [[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]] film ''[[Scientology and Me]]'' I have been shouted at, spied on, had my hotel invaded at midnight, denounced as a 'bigot' by star Scientologists, brain-washed&nbsp;\u2013 that is how it felt to me&nbsp;\u2013 in a mock up of a [[Nazi|Nazi-style]] torture chamber and chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers\".<ref>{{Cite news | last = Sweeney | first = John| title = Row over Scientology video| work = BBC News| date = May 14, 2007| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6650545.stm| access-date = November 3, 2008}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Mistreatment of members ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A prominent ex-member who has spoken out about the Scientology organization's mistreatment of members and ex-members is [[Leah Remini]]. Remini is an American actress that has been involved with the Church of Scientology since childhood. She left in 2013. In 2015 she published a book entitled ''[[Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology]]'' where she recounts her experiences and events leading up to her leaving the organization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Remini |first=Leah |title=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |title-link=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2015}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">She also has produced a documentary television series on [[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] entitled ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' released in 2017 which aired for three seasons. In this series, she and her co-host [[Mike Rinder]], who is also an ex-member, tell their experiences and interview numerous ex-members with similar. Leah Remini has been outspoken about her views on the Church of Scientology and has raised much awareness about some of the major issues within the organization regarding treatment of children, exploitive money practices and mistreatments she has experienced.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">As of August 2023, Remini has filed a lawsuit against the Church of Scientology. She alleges verbal, physical and sexual abuse was known and tolerated by the organization, and exploitive practices such as signing billion-year contracts with the organization. The main claims of the lawsuit are for psychological torture, defamation, surveillance, harassment, and intimidation experienced by her for years while a member, and as tactics used after she publicly left.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hauser |first1=Christine |last2=Tumin |first2=Remy |date=2023-08-04 |title=Leah Remini, Vocal Scientology Critic, Files Suit Against Church |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/04/us/leah-remini-scientology-lawsuit.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808140458/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/04/us/leah-remini-scientology-lawsuit.html |archive-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Violation of auditing confidentiality ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">During the auditing process, the auditor collects and records personal information from the client.<ref name=\"namehubbard\">{{Cite news |last=Donaghy |first=James |date=June 9, 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jun/09/tvandradio.broadcasting1 |title=My name is L Ron Hubbard |access-date=January 14, 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307111832/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/jun/09/tvandradio.broadcasting1 |archive-date=March 7, 2013 }}</ref> While the Church of Scientology claims to protect the confidentiality of auditing records, the organization has a history of attacking and psychologically abusing former members using information culled from the records.<ref name=\"namehubbard\" /> For example, a December 16, 1969, a [[Office of Special Affairs#History|Guardian's Office]] order (G. O. 121669) by Mary Sue Hubbard explicitly authorized the use of auditing records for purposes of \"internal security\".<ref>Breckenridge, ''Memorandum of Intended Decision in Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald Armstrong'', Superior Court, Los Angeles County, case no. C420153. quoted in {{harvnb|Atack|1990|p=332}}</ref> Former members report having participated in combing through information obtained in auditing sessions to see if it could be used for smear campaigns against critics.<ref name=\"SPTHarassment\">{{Cite news|first=Stephen |last=Koff |title=Scientology church faces new claims of harassment |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51440683.html?dids=51440683:51440683&FMT=FT&FMTS=ABS:FT |work=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=December 22, 1988 |access-date=March 8, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515132143/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51440683.html?dids=51440683%3A51440683&FMT=FT&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archive-date=May 15, 2009 |url-status=dead }} Newspapers.com: ([https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-scientology-church-faces/192919036/ page 1] [https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-scientology-church-faces/192919111/ page 6] [https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-scientology-church-faces/192919155/ page 7])<!--[https://www.scientology-lies.com/press/st-petersburg-times/1988-12-22/scientology-church-faces-new-claims-of-harassment.html alternative courtesy copy]--></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Steven Girardi|title=Witnesses Tell of Break-ins, Conspiracy|journal=Clearwater Sun|date=May 9, 1982|pages=1A}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Allegations of coerced abortions ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{further|Scientology and abortion#Sea Org}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:What kind of Church makes its staff have Abortions.jpg|thumb|right|Protester against Scientology, holding a sign which reads: \"What kind of church makes its staff have abortions\"]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Sea Org originally operated on vessels at sea where it was understood that it was not permitted to raise children on board the ships because \"children hinder adults from performing their vital assignments\". Women who became pregnant have stated that they had been \"coercively persuaded\" to undergo abortions in order to remain in the Sea Org.{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=10}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 2003, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported \"Forced abortions, beatings, starvation are considered tools of discipline in this church\".<ref>{{Cite news | last =The Times of India staff | title = Tom Cruise and the Church of Scientology | work =[[The Times of India]] | date =July 17, 2003 }}</ref> A former high-ranking source reports that \"some 1,500 abortions\" have been \"carried out by women in the Sea Organization since the implementation of a rule in the late 80s that members could not remain in the organization if they decided to have children\". The source noted that \"And if members who have been in the Sea Organization for, say, 10 years do decide to have kids, they are dismissed with no more than $1,000\" as a [[severance package]].<ref>{{Cite news | last =New York Post staff | title =Abort-Happy Folks | work =[[New York Post]] | page =011 | publisher =[[News Corporation (1980\u20132013)|News Corporation]] | date =June 29, 2005}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:2008 02 London - Placard inspired by Mary Tabayoyon.jpg|thumb|A protester holds a sign which reads: \"C[hurch] o[f] $[cientology] forces its female members to get abortions\" (February 10, 2008)]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Longtime member [[Astra Woodcraft]] left Scientology for good when the organization tried to pressure her to have an abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Los Angeles Times staff |title=Kids against Scientology |work=Web Scout |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 29, 2008 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/02/kids-against--1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220627/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/02/kids-against--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=\"leavingthefold\">{{Cite news | last =Lattin | first =Don | title =Leaving the Fold \u2013 Third-generation Scientologist grows disillusioned with faith | work =[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | page =A1 | publisher =The Chronicle Publishing Co. | date =February 12, 2001 }}</ref> Former Sea Org member Karen Pressley recounted that she was often asked by fellow Scientologists for loans so that they could get an abortion and remain in the Sea Org.<ref name=\"msnbcmorton\">{{Cite news | last =MSNBC staff | title =Exclusive: 'Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography' \u2013 Read an excerpt from Andrew Morton's controversial new book | work =Today.com | publisher =[[NBC]] | date =January 15, 2008 | url =https://www.today.com/popculture/exclusive-tom-cruise-unauthorized-biography-wbna22613285 | access-date = November 7, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=\"morton\">{{Cite book| last =Morton | first =Andrew | author-link =Andrew Morton (writer) | title =Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography | publisher =St. Martin's Press | year =2008 | page =[https://archive.org/details/tomcruiseunautho00mort/page/130 130] | isbn =978-0-312-35986-7 | title-link =Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Escaping Scientology: An Insider's True Story |first=Karen&nbsp;Schless |last=Pressley |page=222 |publisher=Bayshore Publications |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-9990881-0-4}}</ref> Scientology employee [[Claire Headley]] has said she \"was forced to have (two) abortions to keep her job and was subjected to violations of personal rights and liberties for the purpose of obtaining forced labor\".<ref name=\"perrault\">{{Cite news | last =Perrault | first =Michael | title =Suit alleges wing of Church of Scientology violated labor laws | work =[[The Press-Enterprise (California)|The Press-Enterprise]] | page =C01 | publisher =The Press-Enterprise Co. | date =March 26, 2009 }}</ref> Laura DeCrescenzo reported she was \"coerced to have an abortion\" as a minor, and [[Scientology and law#DeCrescenzo|sued in 2009]].<ref name=\"courthouse\">{{Cite news | last =Courthouse News Service staff | title =Scientology Accused of Human Trafficking | work =[[Courthouse News Service]] | publisher =www.courthousenews.com | date =April 3, 2009 | url =http://www.courthousenews.com/2009/04/03/Scientology_Accused_of_Human_Trafficking.htm | access-date =November 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413185511/http://www.courthousenews.com/2009/04/03/Scientology_Accused_of_Human_Trafficking.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2009}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Church of Scientology Malmo, Sweden.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremony of the Scientology church in [[Malm\u00f6|Malm\u00f6, Sweden]] in 2009]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In March 2009 a former Scientologist reported that women who worked at Scientology's headquarters were forced to have abortions, or faced being declared a \"[[suppressive person]]\" by the organization's management.<ref name=\"tortuous\">{{Cite news | last =Baca | first =Nathan | title =Former Scientologist Recounts 'Torturous' Past Inside the Church | work =[[KESQ-TV]] | date =March 31, 2009 }}</ref> In March 2010, former Scientologist Janette Lang stated that at age 20 she became pregnant by her boyfriend while in the organization,<ref>{{Cite news| title = Scientologists forced me to have two abortions | work =Herald Sun | publisher = www.heraldsun.com.au| date =March 17, 2010 | url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/scientologists-forced-me-to-have-two-abortions-ex-disciple-says/story-e6frf7jx-1225841994979 | access-date = March 17, 2010 }}</ref> and her boyfriend's Scientology supervisors \"coerced them into terminating the pregnancy\".<ref name=\"janettelang\">{{Cite news|last=[[Australian Associated Press]] |title=Scientologists forced me to have two abortions, ex-disciple says |work=[[News.com.au]] |publisher=News Limited |date=March 17, 2010 |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/scientologists-forced-me-to-have-two-abortions-ex-disciple-says/story-e6frfku0-1225841933897 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322190756/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/scientologists-forced-me-to-have-two-abortions-ex-disciple-says/story-e6frfku0-1225841933897 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2010 |access-date=March 17, 2010 }}</ref> \"We fought for a week, I was devastated, I felt abused, I was lost and eventually I gave in. It was my baby, my body and my choice, and all of that was taken away from me by Scientology\", said Lang.<ref name=\"janettelang\" /><ref>{{Cite news| title = Scientologists pressured me to have abortions | work = [[ABC News (Australia)]] | publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = March 27, 2010 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/03/17/2848720.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100322192612/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/03/17/2848720.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 22, 2010 | access-date = March 17, 2010 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Australian Senator [[Nick Xenophon]] gave a speech to the Australian Parliament in November 2009, about statements he had received from former Scientologists.<ref name=\"tedmanson\">{{Cite news | last =Tedmanson | first =Sophie | title =Church of Scientology accused of torture and forced abortions | work =[[The Times]] | publisher =Times Newspapers Ltd. | date =November 19, 2009 | url =http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article6921140.ece | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100107025005/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article6921140.ece | url-status =dead | archive-date =January 7, 2010 | access-date =November 19, 2009}}</ref> He said that he had been told members of the organization had coerced pregnant female employees to have abortions.<ref name=\"tedmanson\" /> \"I am deeply concerned about this organisation and the devastating impact it can have on its followers,\" said Senator Xenophon, and he requested that the Australian Senate begin an investigation into Scientology.<ref name=\"tedmanson\" /> According to the letters presented by Senator Xenophon, the organization was involved in \"ordering\" its members to have abortions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=[[Agence France-Presse]] |title=Australian PM voices 'concerns' over Scientology |work=[[Canada.com]] |publisher=[[Canwest News Service]] |date=November 18, 2009 |url=http://www.canada.com/news/Australian+voices+concerns+over+Scientology/2234504/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121174802/http://www.canada.com/news/Australian%2Bvoices%2Bconcerns%2Bover%2BScientology/2234504/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2009 |access-date=November 19, 2009 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Former Scientologist [[Aaron Saxton]] sent a letter to Senator Xenophon stating he had participated in coercing pregnant women within the organization to have abortions.<ref name=\"collins\">{{Cite news | last =Collins | first =P\u00e1draig | title =Scientology faces allegations of abuse and covering up deaths in Australia | work =[[Irish Times]] | publisher =www.irishtimes.com | date =November 19, 2009 | url =http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/1119/1224259105905.html | access-date = November 19, 2009}}</ref> \"Aaron says women who fell pregnant were taken to offices and bullied to have an abortion. If they refused, they faced demotion and hard labour. Aaron says one staff member used a coat hanger and self-aborted her child for fear of punishment,\" said Senator Xenophon.<ref name=\"oloughlin\">{{Cite news | last =O'Loughlin | first =Toni | title =Scientology faces allegations of torture in Australia: Australian prime minister considers inquiry after senator tables allegations including forced abortions, assault and blackmail | work =[[The Guardian]] | publisher =Guardian News and Media Limited | date =November 18, 2009 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/18/scientology-torture-allegations-australia | access-date =November 19, 2009 }}</ref> Carmel Underwood, another former Scientologist, said she had been put under \"extreme pressure\" to have an abortion,<ref>{{Cite news | last =Saulwick | first =Jacob | title =Pressure mounts for Scientology inquiry | work =[[Sydney Morning Herald]] | publisher = Fairfax Digital | date =November 18, 2009 | url =http://www.smh.com.au/national/pressure-mounts-for-scientology-inquiry-20091118-imjw.html | access-date = November 19, 2009 }}</ref> and that she was placed into a \"disappearing programme\", after refusing.<ref>{{Cite news | last =Ansley | first =Greg | title =Church attacked for 'criminal' activities | work =[[New Zealand Herald]] | date =November 19, 2009 | url =http://www.nzherald.co.nz/religion-and-beliefs/news/article.cfm?c_id=301&objectid=10610338 | access-date = November 19, 2009 }}</ref> Underwood was the executive director of Scientology's branch in Sydney.<ref name=\"oloughlin\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis said these statements are \"utterly meritless\".<ref name=\"perrault\" /> Mike Ferriss, the head of Scientology in New Zealand, told media that \"There are no forced abortions in Scientology\".<ref>{{Cite news | title=Kiwi blows the whistle on Scientology | date=November 26, 2009 | publisher=www.3news.co.nz | url =http://www.3news.co.nz/Kiwi-blows-the-whistle-on-Scientology/tabid/423/articleID/131496/cat/64/Default.aspx | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120406084507/http://www.3news.co.nz/Kiwi-blows-the-whistle-on-Scientology/tabid/423/articleID/131496/cat/64/Default.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date =April 6, 2012 | work =3 News | access-date = November 26, 2009 }}</ref> Scientology spokesperson Virginia Stewart likewise denied the statements and asserted \"The Church of Scientology considers the family unit and children to be of the utmost importance and does not condone nor force anyone to undertake any medical procedure whatsoever.\"<ref>{{Cite news| last =[[Australian Associated Press]] | title = Scientologists reject claims they forced abortions | work =[[Sydney Morning Herald]] | date =March 18, 2010 | url =http://www.smh.com.au/national/scientologists-reject-claims-they-forced-abortions-20100318-qfyc.html | access-date = March 17, 2010}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Allegation of human trafficking and other crimes against women ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{see also|Headley v. Church of Scientology International}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A number of women have sued the Church of Scientology, alleging a variety of complaints including [[human trafficking]], rape, forced labor, and child abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/scientology-lawsuits-allege-human-trafficking-forced-labor-child-abuse-2019-9|title=Lawsuits against the Church of Scientology are piling up, alleging a vast network of human trafficking, child abuse, and forced labor|date=September 21, 2019|access-date=June 25, 2020|work=[[Insider Inc.]]|author=Mark, Michelle}}</ref> In 2009, two former Sea Org employees, [[Marc Headley|Marc and Claire Headley]], sued the Church of Scientology alleging human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/25/marc-claire-headley-lawsuit_n_1700633.html |title=Marc And Claire Headley Lose Forced Labor Lawsuit Against Church Of Scientology |date=July 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728054743/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/25/marc-claire-headley-lawsuit_n_1700633.html |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |website=[[HuffPost]] }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Scientology, litigation, and the Internet ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Scientology and law|Scientology and the Internet|Project Chanology}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In the 1990s, Miscavige's organization took action against increased criticism of Scientology on the Internet and online distribution of Scientology-related documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=Wendy |url=https://archive.org/details/netwars00gros/page/77 |title=Net.Wars |date=October 1997 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3103-1 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/netwars00gros/page/77 77\u201378] |chapter=Copyright Terrorists |access-date=June 11, 2006 |chapter-url=http://www.nyupress.org/netwars/textonly/pages/chapter06/ch06_.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155641/https://nyupress.org/netwars/textonly/pages/chapter06/ch06_.html |archive-date=2018-07-22}}</ref> Starting in 1991, Scientology filed fifty lawsuits against Scientology-critic [[Cult Awareness Network]] (CAN).<ref name=cnn96 /> Many of the suits were dismissed, but one resulted in $2&nbsp;million in losses, bankrupting the network.<ref name=cnn96 /> At bankruptcy, CAN's name and logo were obtained by a Scientologist.<ref name=\"cnn96\">{{Cite news|last=Knapp|first=Dan|title=Group that once criticized Scientologists now owned by one|work=[[CNN]]|date=December 19, 1996|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9612/19/scientology/index.html|access-date=October 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408094945/http://www.cnn.com/US/9612/19/scientology/index.html|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name=\"Russell\">{{Cite news | first = Ron | last = Russell | title = Scientology's Revenge \u2013 For years, the Cult Awareness Network was the Church of Scientology's biggest enemy. But the late L. Ron Hubbard's L.A.-based religion cured that\u2013by taking it over | work = [[New Times LA]] | date = September 9, 1999 }}</ref> A [[New Cult Awareness Network]] was set up with Scientology backing, which says it operates as an information and networking center for non-traditional religions, referring callers to academics and other experts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqmbnfXCzn0C&q=Lewis++cults+reference+handbook |title=Book: Cults: A Reference Handbook By James R. Lewis, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 1-85109-618-3, ISBN 978-1-85109-618-3 |date= May 3, 2005|access-date=September 4, 2010|isbn=978-1-85109-618-3|last1=Lewis |first1=James R |publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goodman|first=Leisa|author-link=Leisa Goodman|title=A Letter from the Church of Scientology|work=Marburg Journal of Religion: Responses From Religions|pages=Volume 6, No. 2, 4 pages|year=2001|url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/goodman.html|access-date=October 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213142146/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/goodman.html |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In a 1993 U.S. lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology against former member Steven Fishman, [[Fishman Affidavit|Fishman made a court declaration]] which included several dozen pages of formerly secret [[Western esotericism|esoterica]] detailing aspects of Scientologist [[cosmogony]].<ref name=\"DC2004\">{{Cite book | last1 = Dawson | first1 = Lorne L. | author-link= Lorne L. Dawson | last2 = Cowan | first2 = Douglas E. | author2-link = Douglas E. Cowan | title = Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet | place = New York, NY/London, UK | publisher = [[Routledge Taylor & Francis Group]] | year = 2004 |pages=262, 264\u2013265 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=88vcFt6rOigC&q=Scientology+xenu+internet+OT&pg=PA264 | isbn = 978-0-415-97022-8 }}</ref> As a result of the litigation, this material, normally strictly safeguarded and used only in Scientology's more advanced \"OT levels\", found its way onto the Internet.<ref name=DC2004 /> This resulted in a battle between the Scientology organization and its online critics over the right to disclose this material, or safeguard its confidentiality.<ref name=DC2004 /> The organization was forced to issue a press release acknowledging the existence of this cosmogony, rather than allow its critics \"to distort and misuse this information for their own purposes\".<ref name=DC2004 /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In January 1995, Church of Scientology lawyer [[Helena Kobrin]] attempted to shut down the [[newsgroup]] [[alt.religion.scientology]] by sending a control message instructing [[Usenet]] servers to delete the group.<ref>Wendy Grossman ''[[Net.wars]]'', p. 77, NYU Press, 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3103-1}}</ref> In practice, this [[rmgroup message]] had little effect, since most Usenet servers are configured to disregard such messages when sent to groups that receive substantial traffic, and [[newgroup message]]s were quickly issued to recreate the group on those servers that did not do so. However, the issuance of the message led to a great deal of public criticism by free-speech advocates.<ref>Steven Vedro ''Digital Dharma'', p. 190, Quest Books, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0859-6}}</ref><ref>Mike Godwin ''[[Cyber Rights]]'', p. 219, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-262-57168-5}}</ref> Among the criticisms raised, one suggestion is that Scientology's true motive is to suppress the free speech of its critics.<ref>Catharine Cookson ''Encyclopedia of Religious Freedom'', p. 432, Taylor & Francis, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-415-94181-5}}</ref><ref>Wendy Grossman ''</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[Net.wars]]'', p. 90, New York University Press, 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3103-1}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Anonymous Protest.jpg|thumb|An Internet-based group which refers to itself as '[[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]]' held [[Project Chanology|protests]] outside Scientology centers in cities around the world in February 2008 as part of [[Project Chanology]]. Issues they protested ranged from alleged abuse of followers to the validity of its claims to qualify as a religion for tax purposes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=</ins>https://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-11-me-anonymous11-story.html |title=Global Scientology protests include L.A. |work=Los Angeles Times |first=David |last=Sarno |date=February 11, 2008|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web/20121107134142/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/11/local/me-anonymous11 |archive-date=November 7, 2012 }}, Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2008.</ref>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Church of Scientology also began filing lawsuits against those who posted copyrighted texts on the newsgroup and the [[World Wide Web]], lobbied for tighter restrictions on copyrights in general, and supported the controversial [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]] as well as the even more controversial [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beginning in the middle of 1996 and ensuing for several years, the newsgroup was attacked by anonymous parties using a tactic dubbed ''[[sporgery]]'' by some, in the form of hundreds of thousands of forged spam messages posted on the group. Some investigators said that some spam had been traced to members of the Church of Scientology.<ref>Christopher Lueg ''From Usenet to CoWebs'', p. 37, Springer, 2003 {{ISBN|978-1-85233-532-8}}</ref><ref>Wendy Grossman ''[[Net.wars]]'', pp. 74\u201376, NYU Press, 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3103-1}}<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ref> Former Scientologist [[Tory Christman]] later asserted that the [[Office of </ins>Special <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Affairs]] had undertaken a concerted effort to destroy alt.religion.scientology through these means; the effort failed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nordhausen|first=Frank|title=Scientology: Wie der Sektenkonzern die Welt erobern will|publisher=Links Christoph Verlag|page=518|isbn=978-3-86153-470-9|language=de|year=2008}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">On January 14, 2008, a video produced by the Scientology organization featuring an interview with [[Tom Cruise]] was leaked to the Internet and uploaded to YouTube.<ref name=\"CookMar17\">{{Cite news|author=John Cook|title=Scientology \u2013 Cult Friction|url=http://radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2008/03/scientology_anonymous_protests_tom_cruise_01.php|work=[[Radar (magazine)|Radar]]|date=March 17, 2008|access-date=March 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080323063402/http://www.radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2008/03/scientology_anonymous_protests_tom_cruise_01.php |archive-date = March 23, 2008}}</ref><ref name=\"WarneJan24\">{{Cite news|last=Vamosi|first=Robert|title=Anonymous threatens to \"dismantle\" Church of Scientology via internet|work=cnet.com|publisher=[[CNET]]|date=January 24, 2008|url=https://cnet.com/news/anonymous-hackers-take-on-the-church-of-scientology/|access-date=May 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name=\"KNBCJan24\">{{Cite news|author=KNBC Staff|title=Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology: Group Upset Over Church's Handling Of Tom Cruise Video|work=[[KNBC]]|date=January 24, 2008|url=http://www.knbc.com/news/15132759/detail.html|access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132355/http://www.knbc.com/news/15132759/detail.html|archive-date=August 21, 2008}}</ref> The Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube requesting the removal of the video.<ref name=\"vamosi anonymous hackers\">{{Cite news|last=Vamosi|first=Robert|title=Anonymous hackers take on the Church of Scientology|work=[[CNET News]]|publisher=CNET Networks, Inc.|date=January 24, 2008|url=http://www.news.com/8301-10789_3-9857666-57.html|access-date=January 25, 2008 }}</ref> Calling the action by the Church of Scientology a form of [[Internet censorship]], participants of [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] coordinated [[Project Chanology]], consisting of a series of [[denial-of-service attack]]s against Scientology websites, prank calls, and [[black fax]]es to Scientology centers.<ref name=\"George-Cosh\">{{cite news |title=Online group declares war on Scientology |last=George-Cosh |first=David |date=January 25, 2008 |newspaper=[[National Post]] |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/technology/story.html?id=db57d8d2-ca06-4fe0-8a8b-4975100f7231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603083324/http://www.canada.com/topics/technology/story.html?id=db57d8d2-ca06-4fe0-8a8b-4975100f7231 |archive-date=June 3, 2008}}</ref><ref name=\"singel\">{{Cite magazine|last=Singel|first=Ryan|title=War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology \u2013 There Can Be Only One|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Cond\u00e9Net, Inc.]]|date=January 23, 2008|url=http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/01/anonymous-attac.html|access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404124558/http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/01/anonymous-attac.html|url-status=live|archive-date=April 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name=\"feran\">{{Cite news|last=Feran|first=Tom|title=Where to find the Tom Cruise Scientology videos online, if they're still posted|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|publisher=[[Advance Publications|Newhouse Newspapers]]|date=January 24, 2008|url=http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/120116724530070.xml&coll=2|access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501123546/http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/120116724530070.xml&coll=2 |archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author1=Matthew A. Schroettnig |author2=Stefanie Herrington |author3=Lauren E. Trent |title=Anonymous Versus Scientology: Cyber Criminals or Vigilante Justice? |date=February 6, 2008|url=http://www.thelegality.com/2008/02/06/anonymous-versus-scientology-cyber-criminals-or-vigilante-justice/|access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603210526/http://www.thelegality.com/2008/02/06/anonymous-versus-scientology-cyber-criminals-or-vigilante-justice/|archive-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">On January 21, 2008, Anonymous announced its intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled \"Message to Scientology\", and a press release declaring a \"war\" against the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center.<ref name=\"chanenterprises\">{{Cite news |last=Chan Enterprises |date=January 21, 2008 |title=Internet Group Declares \"War on Scientology\": Anonymous are fighting the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center |work=Press Release |publisher=PRLog.Org |format=PDF |url=http://www.releasewire.org/science-research/internet-group-anonymous-declares-war-on-scientology/ |access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508222309/http://www.releasewire.org/science-research/internet-group-anonymous-declares-war-on-scientology/ |archive-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref> In the press release, the group stated that the attacks against the organization would continue in order to protect the [[freedom of speech]], and end what they saw as the financial exploitation of members of the organization.<ref name=\"brandon\">{{Cite news|last=Brandon|first=Mikhail|title=Scientology in the Crosshairs|work=[[The Emory Wheel]]|publisher=[[Emory University]]|date=January 28, 2008|url=http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=24945|access-date=January 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005226/http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=24945|archive-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:Epic Energy Girl.jpg|thumb|A protester criticizing Scientology]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">On January 28, 2008, an Anonymous video appeared on YouTube calling for protests outside Church of Scientology buildings on February 10, 2008.<ref name=\"feran the group anonymous\">{{Cite news |last=Feran|first=Tom|title=The group Anonymous calls for protests outside Scientology centers \u2013 New on the Net|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|publisher=[[Advance Publications|Newhouse Newspapers]]|date=January 31, 2008|url=http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/1201771820310820.xml&coll=2|access-date=February 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619020507/http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/1201771820310820.xml&coll=2 |archive-date=June 19, 2008}}</ref><ref name=\"vamosi anonymous names\">{{Cite news|last=Vamosi|first=Robert|title=Anonymous names 10 February as its day of action against Scientology|work=[[CNET News]]|publisher=CNET Networks, Inc.|date=January 28, 2008|url=http://www.news.com/8301-10789_3-9859513-57.html|access-date=January 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015212855/http://www.news.com/8301-10789_3-9859513-57.html|archive-date=October 15, 2008}}</ref> The date was chosen because it was the birthday of [[Death of Lisa McPherson|Lisa McPherson]].<ref name=\"anonat\">{{Cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Will|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-9869003-1.html |title=Anonymous Attacks!|date=February 11, 2008|work=CNET|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829171355/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-9869003-1.html|archive-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref> According to a letter Anonymous e-mailed to the press, about 7,000 people protested in more than 90 cities worldwide.<ref name=\"MoncadaFeb12\">{{Cite news|author=Carlos Moncada|title=Organizers Tout Scientology Protest, Plan Another|url=http://suncoastpinellas.tbo.com/content/2008/feb/12/organizers-tout-scientology-protest-plan-another/|newspaper=[[The Tampa Tribune|TBO.com]]|date=February 12, 2008|access-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210160057/http://suncoastpinellas.tbo.com/content/2008/feb/12/organizers-tout-scientology-protest-plan-another/|archive-date=February 10, 2012}}</ref> Many protesters wore masks based on the character [[V (character)|V]] from ''[[V for Vendetta]]'' (who was influenced by [[Guy Fawkes]]) or otherwise disguised their identities, in part to protect themselves from reprisals from the Church of Scientology.<ref name=\"StateNews\">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=James (''[[The State News]]'')|title=Scientology protestors take action around world|date=February 12, 2008|url=http://www.statenews.com/index.php/blog/entertainment/2008/02/internet_group_|access-date=February 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185521/http://statenews.com/index.php/blog/entertainment/2008/02/internet_group_|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name=\"ForresterFeb11\">{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/11/dozens_of_masked_protesters_blast_scientology_church/|title=Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church|first=John|last=Forrester|date=February 11, 2008|access-date=February 15, 2008|newspaper=The Boston Globe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027072840/http</ins>:/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/11/dozens_of_masked_protesters_blast_scientology_church/|archive-date=October 27, 2013}}</ref> Many further protests have followed since then in cities around the world.<ref name=\"RamadgeMar17\">{{Cite news|author=Andrew Ramadge |title=Second round of Anonymous v Scientology |url=http</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">//www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,23389091-5014239,00.html |work=[[News.com.au</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">] |date=March 17, 2008 |access-date=March 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006062843/http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0%2C25642%2C23389091-5014239%2C00.html |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The [[Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)|Arbitration Committee]] of the Wikipedia internet encyclopedia decided in May 2009 to restrict access to its site from Church of Scientology IP addresses, to prevent self-serving edits by Scientologists.<ref name=\"Huff\">{{Cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/29/wikipedia-bans-scientolog_n_208967.html|last=Shea|first=Danny|title=Wikipedia Bans Scientology From Site|date=May 29, 2009|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=May 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905124710/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/29/wikipedia-bans-scientolog_n_208967.html|url-status=live|archive-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name=\"Metz\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/05/29/wikipedia_bans_scientology/|title=Wikipedia bans Church of Scientology|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=May 29, 2009|website=The Register|access-date=May 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403144305/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/05/29/wikipedia_bans_scientology/|url-status=live|archive-date=April 3, 2011}}</ref> A \"host of anti-Scientologist editors\" were topic-banned as well.<ref name=\"Huff\" /><ref name=\"Metz\" /> The committee concluded that both sides had \"gamed policy\" and resorted to \"battlefield tactics\", with articles on living persons being the \"worst casualties\".<ref name=\"Huff\" /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Disputes over legal status ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{See also|Tax status of Scientology in the United States|Scientology status by country|Scientology as a business}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The legal status of Scientology or Scientology-related organizations differs between jurisdictions.<ref name=RichaLew09Court/><ref name=Carobene14>{{Cite journal |last1=Carobene |first1=Germana |title=Problems on the legal status of the Church of Scientology |journal=Stato, Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale |date=June 16, 2014|volume=2014|number=21|url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/statoechiese/article/view/4109|location=Milan|publisher=[[University of Milan]]|quote=In this sense the long process of Milan is of great importance, which, after six pronunciations was concluded in 2000 and legally recognized Scientology as a religion in Italy. The case was based on the complaint of a series of criminal offenses against some members of the church: conspiracy, fraud, extortion. After some contradictory rulings, the Milan judges became aware of the need to define the religiosity of the movement, i.e. it is to be considered a religion if all the alleged activities can qualify as normal religious practices|access-date=March 10, 2020|doi=10.13130/1971-8543/4109}}</ref><ref>Alan Aldridge ''Religion in the Contemporary World'', p. 20, Polity, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7456-3405-0}}</ref> Scientology was legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in [[Australia]],<ref name=HCOA1983/> [[Portugal]],<ref name=\"USSPortugal\">{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100579.htm |title=2007 U.S. Department of State \u2013 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Portugal |publisher=State.gov |date=March 11, 2008 |access-date=September 20, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Spain]].<ref name=\"Elpais\">{{Cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Audiencia/Nacional/reconoce/Cienciologia/iglesia/elpepusoc/20071101elpepisoc_8/Tes|title=La Audiencia Nacional reconoce a la Cienciolog\u00eda como iglesia|publisher=El Pais|date=November 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513115109/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Audiencia/Nacional/reconoce/Cienciologia/iglesia/elpepusoc/20071101elpepisoc_8/Tes|archive-date=May 13, 2011|newspaper=El Pa\u00eds}} {{in lang|es}}<!--Spanish--></ref> Scientology was granted tax-exempt status in the United States in 1993.<ref name=\"Finkelman287\">{{Cite book|last=Finkelman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties|publisher=CRC Press|year=2006|page=287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoI14vYA8r0C&q=%22Scientology+has+achieved+full+legal+recognition+as+a+religious+denomination+in+the+United+States%22&pg=PA287|isbn=978-0-415-94342-0}} \"Scientology has achieved full legal recognition as a religious denomination in the United States.\"</ref><ref name=\"DHDavis\">{{Cite conference|first=Derek H.|last=Davis|title=The Church of Scientology: In Pursuit of Legal Recognition|book-title=Zeitdiagnosen: Religion and Conformity|publisher=Lit Verlag|year=2004|location=M\u00fcnster, Germany|url=http://www.umhb.edu/files/academics/crl/publications/articles/the_church_of_scientologypursuit_of_legal_recognition.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2008|quote=Many countries, including the United States, now give ''official recognition'' to Scientology as a religion [...]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612073444/http://www.umhb.edu/files/academics/crl/publications/articles/the_church_of_scientologypursuit_of_legal_recognition.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name=\"lucytimes\">{{Cite news|title=Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology|author=Lucy Morgan|date=March 29, 1999|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|quote=In the United States, Scientology gained ''status as a tax-exempt religion'' in 1993 when the Internal Revenue Service agreed to end a long legal battle over the group's right to the exemption.}}</ref><ref name=\"Toomey\">{{Cite news</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| first = Shamus | last = Toomey</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| work = Chicago Sun Times </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|date=29 June 2005|title='TomKat' casts spotlight back on Scientology|url=http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-scientology26.html|access-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050629002146/http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-scientology26.html |archive-date=June 29, 2005 }}</ref> The organization is considered a cult in [[Chile]] and an \"anticonstitutional sect\" in [[Germany]],<ref name=\"spiegel.de\"/> and is considered a cult (French ''secte'') by some French public authorities.<ref name=\"assemblee-nationale.fr\"/></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Church of Scientology argues that Scientology is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned, and persecuted.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=2}}<ref name=\"Willms245\">{{harvnb|Willms|2009|p=245}}. \"''Being a religion'' is one of the most important issues of Scientology's current self-representation.\"</ref> The organization has pursued an extensive [</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">public relations]] campaign for the recognition of Scientology as a tax-exempt religion in the various countries in which it exists.<ref name=\"reformimage\">{{Cite news | first = Dominic | last = Kennedy | title = 'Church' that yearns for respectability | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article1975105.ece | work = The Times | date = June 23, 2007 | access-date = January 4, 2009|quote=Scientology is probably unique in that it keeps its sacred texts secret until, typically, devotees have paid enough money to learn what they say. | location=London | archive-url = </ins>https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web/20110523203832/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article1975105.ece | archive-date = May 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=\"BC17\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2007|p=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | first = Wayne | last = Garcia | title = Scientology suit on PR firm heads for trial | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51826396.html?dids=51826396:51826396&FMT=FT | work = St. Petersburg Times | date = March 31, 1994 | access-date = January 4, 2009 |quote=For 2\u00bd years, [[Hill & Knowlton]] worked closely with the controversial religion, coming up with ways to turn around Scientology's maligned image and teaching Scientologists how to handle reporters' questions.}}{{Cbignore}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023}}<!--article is available via newspapers.com--></ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Church of Scientology has often generated opposition due to its strong-arm tactics directed against critics and members wishing to leave the organization.<ref name=\"strangetimes101\" </ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">> A minority of governments regard it as a religious organization entitled to tax-exempt status, while other governments variously classify it as a business, cult, [[pseudoreligion]], or criminal organization.<ref name=\"Flinn-WashingtonPost\"</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hexham, Irving|title=The Religious Status of Scientology: Is Scientology a Religion?|publisher=University of Calgary|orig</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">year=1978|year=1997|url=https://www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html|access-date=June 13, 2006 |archive-url=https://web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web/20091119050104/http://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html|archive-date=November 19, 2009}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In 1957, the Church of Scientology of California was granted tax-exempt status by the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and so, for a time, were other local branches of the organization.<ref name=NYTtaxrebel97/> In 1958 however, the IRS started a review of the appropriateness of this status.{{r|reitman}} In 1959, Hubbard moved to England, remaining there until the mid-1960s.<ref name=\"GA172\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA4-PA172 172]}}</ref> In 1967, the IRS removed Scientology's tax-exempt status, asserting that its activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard, rather than for charitable or religious purposes.<ref name=NYTtaxrebel97/><ref>{{Cite press </ins>release <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| quote=Recognition was based upon voluminous information provided by the Church regarding its financial and other operations to the Internal Revenue Service | date = December 31, 1997 |url=http://www.unclefed.com/Tax-News/1997/Nr97-50.html |title=Church of Scientology & IRS Confidentiality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518034238/http://www.unclefed.com/Tax-News/1997/Nr97-50.html |archive-date=May 18, 2012 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In the mid-1960s, the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states, starting with [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in 1965.{{r|reitman}} The ban was based on the [[Anderson Report]], which found that the auditing process involved \"command\" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes \"positive authoritative control\" over the patient. On this point the report stated:{{r|andersonreport|p=115}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{blockquote |text=It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous&nbsp;... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute&nbsp;... leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names.{{r|andersonreport|p=115}} }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The Australian branch of the Scientology organization was forced to operate under the name of the \"[[Church of the New Faith]]\" as a result, the name and practice of Scientology having become illegal in the relevant states. Several years of court proceedings aimed at overturning the ban followed.{{r|HCOA1983}} In 1973, state laws banning Scientology were overturned in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. In 1983 the High Court of Australia ruled in a unanimous decision that the Church of Scientology was \"undoubtedly a religion and deserving of tax exemption\".{{sfn|Melton|2009|p=24}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Scientology in religious studies ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hugh B. Urban writes that \"Scientology's efforts to get itself defined as a religion make it an ideal case study for thinking about how we understand and define religion.\"<ref>Urban, Hugh B.: The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Chapman, Mark. Review of Religious Research. 2013. vol. 55. Issue: 1, pp. 203\u2013204</ref> Frank K. Flinn, adjunct professor of religious studies at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] wrote, \"it is abundantly clear that Scientology has both the typical forms of ceremonial and celebratory worship and its own unique form of spiritual life.\"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neuereligion.de/ENG/Flinn/index.htm|first=Frank K.|last=Flinn|title=Scientology: The Marks of Religion|publisher=Church of Scientology|date=September 22, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914201545/http://www.neuereligion.de/ENG/Flinn/index.htm|archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Flinn further states that religion requires \"beliefs in something transcendental or ultimate, practices (rites and codes of behavior) that re-inforce those beliefs and, a community that is sustained by both the beliefs and practices\", all of which are present within Scientology.<ref name=\"Flinn-WashingtonPost\"/> Similarly, ''World Religions in America'' states that \"Scientology contains the same elements of most other religions, including myths, scriptures, doctrines, worship, sacred practices and rituals, moral and ethical expectations, a community of believers, clergy, and ecclesiastic organizations.\"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C|title=World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction|last1=DeChant|first1=Dell|last2=Jorgensen |first2=Danny L.|date=October 7, 2009|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-1-61164-047-2|editor-last=Neusner|editor-first=Jacob|page=297}}</ref> According to Mikhael Rothstein, Scientology's rituals can be classified into 1) those with the purpose of changing the person, such as auditing; 2) collective, which are calendar events where Scientology, its community and L. Ron Hubbard are celebrated; 3) rites of passage 4) weekly services that are similar to Christian services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=James R. |title=Scientology: Religious Studies Approaches |journal=Numen |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=6\u201311 |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341405}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">While acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion, sociologist Stephen A. Kent writes: \"Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion, I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation, only ''one'' element of which is religious\" [emphasis in the original].{{sfn|Beit-Hallahmi|2003}}{{sfn|Kent|1999a|p=4}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Donna Batten in the ''Gale Encyclopedia of American Law'' writes, \"A belief does not need to be stated in traditional terms to fall within [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] protection. For example, Scientology&nbsp;\u2013 a system of beliefs that a human being is essentially a free and immortal spirit who merely inhabits a body&nbsp;\u2013 does not propound the existence of a supreme being, but it qualifies as a religion under the broad definition propounded by the Supreme Court.\"<ref>{{Cite book|editor1=Jeffrey Lehman |editor2=Shirelle Phelps |title=West's Encyclopedia of American Law |chapter=Religion |edition= 2nd |year=2005 |publisher=Thomson/Gale |volume=8 |location=Detroit |page=283 |isbn=978-0-7876-6375-9}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A great number of research archives on Scientology have emerged in recent years for the academic study of Scientology. These include collections in San Diego State University, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Los Angeles, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Ohio State University and Claremont College Library. There is also a big collection of alternative beliefs and religions at the University of Alberta Library in Canada, where scholar Stephen A. Kent \"makes material available on a restricted bases to undergraduate and graduate students.\"{{sfn|Westbrook|2022}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The material contained in the OT levels has been characterized as bad science fiction by critics, while others claim it bears structural similarities to [[gnosticism|gnostic]] thought and ancient Hindu beliefs of creation and cosmic struggle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herrick|first=James A. |author-link=James A. Herrick|title=The Making of the New Spirituality|publisher=InterVarsity Press|year=2004|location=Downers Grove, IL|page=199|isbn=978-0-8308-3279-8}}</ref> Donald A. Westbrook suggests that there are three areas of research scholars should consider researching and writing about: the biographical life and legacy of L. Ron Hubbard, the Church of Scientology's social betterment programs, and [[Free Zone (Scientology)|derivative scientology]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westbrook |first=Donald A. |title=Scientology Studies 2.0: Lessons Learned and Paths Forward |journal=Religion Compass |volume=14 |issue=2 |year=2020 |article-number=e12345 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12345}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Influences ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The general orientation of Hubbard's philosophy owes much to [[Will Durant]], author of the popular 1926 classic ''[[The Story of Philosophy]]''; ''Dianetics'' is dedicated to Durant.<ref name=Willms248-9 /> Hubbard's view of a mechanically functioning mind in particular finds close parallels in Durant's work on [[Spinoza]].<ref name=\"Willms248-9\">{{harvnb|Willms|2009|pp=248\u2013249}}</ref> According to Hubbard himself, Scientology is \"the Western anglicized continuance of many early forms of wisdom\".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ankerberg |first1=John |last2=Weldon|first2=John |title=Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs|publisher=Harvest House Publishers |date=1996 }}</ref> Ankerberg and Weldon mention the sources of Scientology to include \"the [[Vedas]], Buddhism, Judaism, Gnosticism, Taoism, early Greek civilization and the teachings of Jesus, [[Nietzsche]] and Freud\".<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The concept \"salvation\" in the Church of Scientology | journal = HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies | year = 2006 | first = S.P. | last = Pretorius | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 313\u2013327| doi=10.4102/hts.v62i1.353| doi-access = free | hdl = 2263/14050 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Hubbard had an inaccurate and superficial understanding of the major Eastern religious traditions, despite his claims of similarities to Scientology. His self-proclaimed association with Buddhism's Maitreya was an attempt on his part to enhance his image and add respectability to his organisation's beliefs. Aside from superficial similarities between Scientology and Hinayana Buddhism that might have motivated him to draw spurious associations between the two belief systems, Hubbard may have written about Eastern faiths because his Western members were unlikely to have sufficient knowledge of them to assess the validity of his claims.{{sfn|Kent|1996|pp=29\u201330|loc=\"Hubbard had only a rudimentary, and largely inaccurate, understanding of major Eastern religious traditions - traditions about which he claimed similarities to the faith that he had constructed. His self-proclaimed association, for example, with Buddhism's Maitreya seems to have been an effort on his part to enhance his image with his followers, as well as add respectability to his organisation's beliefs by associating them with a major religious tradition. Aside from superficial similarities between scientology and Hinayana Buddhism that might have motivated him to draw spurious associations between the two belief systems, Hubbard may have written about Eastern faiths because his Western members were unlikely to have sufficient background in them to make informed assessments about his claims\"}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hubbard asserted that Freudian thought was a \"major precursor\" to Scientology. W. Vaughn Mccall, Professor and Chairman of the Georgia Regents University writes, \"Both Freudian theory and Hubbard assume that there are unconscious mental processes that may be shaped by early life experiences, and that these influence later behavior and thought.\" Both schools of thought propose a \"tripartite structure of the mind\".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Psychiatry and Psychology in the Writings of L. Ron Hubbard |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |year=2007 |last=Mccall |first=W. Vaughn|volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=437\u201347 |doi=10.1007/s10943-006-9079-9|s2cid=10629230 }}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]]'s psychology, popularized in the 1930s and 1940s, was a key contributor to the Dianetics therapy model, and was acknowledged unreservedly as such by Hubbard in his early works.<ref name=Willms2005-54-60 /> Hubbard never forgot, when he was 12 years old, meeting Cmdr. [[Joseph Cheesman Thompson]], a U.S. Navy officer who had studied with Freud<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christensen |first=Dorthe Refslund |title=Controversial New Religions |title-link=Controversial New Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-515682-9 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |edition=1st |location=New York |language=en |chapter=Inventing L. Ron Hubbard: On the Construction and Maintenance of the Hagiographic Mythology of Scientology\u2019s Founder |editor-last2=Petersen |editor-first2=Jesper Aagaard |page=238}}</ref> and when writing to the [[American Psychological Association]] in 1949, he stated that he was conducting research based on the \"early work of Freud\".<ref name=\"GA171\">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=171}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In ''Dianetics'', Hubbard cites [[Hegel]] as a negative influence&nbsp;\u2013 an object lesson in \"confusing\" writing.<ref>Hubbard, L Ron. 'Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health'. Los Angeles, California: Bridge Publications, 2007: 3. {{ISBN|978-1-4031-4484-3}}</ref> According to Mary A. Mann, Scientology is considered nondenominational, accepting all people regardless of their religions background, ethnicity, or educational attainment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Mary A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-pit1X2O6UC&q=scientology |title=Science and Spirituality |year=2004 |publisher=Mary A. Mann |access-date=December 14, 2015 |isbn=978-1-4184-9294-6 }}</ref> Another influence was [[Alfred Korzybski]]'s [[General Semantics]].<ref name=Willms2005-54-60 /> Hubbard was friends with fellow science fiction writers [[A. E. van Vogt]] and [[Robert Heinlein]], who both wrote science-fiction inspired by Korzybski's writings, such as Vogt's ''[[The World of Null-A]]''. Hubbard's view of the ''reactive mind'' has acknowledged parallels with Korzybski's thought; in fact, Korzybski's \"anthropometer\" may have been what inspired Hubbard's invention of the E-meter.<ref name=Willms2005-54-60 /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Beyond that, Hubbard himself named a great many other influences in his own writing&nbsp;\u2013 in ''Scientology 8-8008'', for example, these include philosophers from [[Anaxagoras]] and [[Aristotle]] to [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[Voltaire]], physicists and mathematicians like [[Euclid]] and [[Isaac Newton]], as well as founders of religions such as Buddha, Confucius, Jesus and Mohammed\u2014but there is little evidence in Hubbard's writings that he studied these figures to any great depth.<ref name=\"Willms2005-54-60\">{{harvnb|Willms|2005|pp=54\u201360}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">As noted, elements of the Eastern religions are evident in Scientology,<ref name=\"GA171\" /> in particular the concept of [[karma]] found [[Karma in Hinduism|in Hinduism]] and [[Karma in Jainism|Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Bryan |last=Wilson |year=1995 |title=Religious Toleration & Religious Diversity |url=http://www.neuereligion.de/ENG/collection/diversity/point33.htm |publisher=The Institute for the Study of American Religion |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131031204601/http://www.neuereligion.de/ENG/collection/diversity/point33.htm}}</ref><ref>James R. Lewis ''The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements'', p. 429, Oxford University Press US, 2004 {{ISBN|978-0-19-514986-9}}</ref> According to the ''Encyclopedia of Community'', Scientology \"shows affinities with Buddhism and a remarkable similarity to first-century Gnosticism\".<ref>Karen Christensen, David Levinson (2003): ''Encyclopedia of Community'', SAGE, p. 1210: \"Scientology shows affinities with Buddhism and a remarkable similarity to first-century [[Gnosticism]].\"</ref><ref>[[John A. Saliba]] (1996): ''Signs of the Times'', M\u00e9diaspaul, p. 51</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Reception and influence ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology has influenced various therapy and spiritual groups formed since the 1960s.{{sfn|Lewis|2013|p=264}} Much past-life therapy was influenced by Dianetics,{{sfn|Lewis|2013|p=264}} while [[Werner Erhard]]'s [[Erhard Seminars Training]] therapy system also drew on Scientology.{{sfn|Lewis|2013|p=264}} [[Paul Twitchell]], who founded [[Eckankar]], had also been a staff member at the Church of Scientology and plagiarised some of Hubbard's writings.{{sfn|Lewis|2013|p=264}} In the 1960s, the [[Process Church of the Final Judgement]] was established by former Scientologists.{{sfn|Bainbridge|2009|p=42}} In 1986 Harry Palmer&nbsp;\u2013 who had previously run a Scientology franchise mission in Elmira, New York, for around a decade&nbsp;\u2013 established his own group, the [[Avatar Course]].{{sfn|Lewis|2013|p=264}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Barrett noted that \"vast amounts\" have been written about Scientology, both in support and opposition to it.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=446}} Much of this literature has been heavily polarised.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=6}} Scientology has attracted negative publicity since its founding,{{sfn|Cusack|2009|p=395}} with criticism of the Scientology organization coming from government agencies, the media, and anti-cult groups.{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1p=1|2a1=Urban|2y=2012|2p=335}} Much material critical of the organization was written by ex-members such as [[Cyril Vosper]], [[Bent Corydon]], and [[Jon Atack]].{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=446}} Many of the organizations's critics have utilized the internet, for instance to disseminate leaked OT documents.{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=23}} The Church of Scientology has sought to sue various websites, including the [[Usenet]] group alt.religion.scientologist, for disseminating Hubbard's writings.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1pp=471-472|2a1=Urban|2y=2012|2p=360}} Urban noted that Scientologists have long maintained that theirs is \"a legitimate religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned, and persecuted by media witch-hunters and McCarthy-style government attacks.\"{{sfn|Urban|2011|p=2}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Relations between the Scientology organization and German government are largely hostile.{{sfn|Richardson|2009|p=289}} The German government banned members from working in the public sector, pointing out that the organization is a threat to democracy.{{sfn|Barrett|2001|p=471}} In France, [[conspiracy theories]] have spread alleging that the Church of Scientology controls the US government or that it is a front for [[American imperialism]], perhaps run by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].{{sfnm|1a1=Palmer|1y=2009|1pp=311, 315-16|2a1=Rigal-Cellard|2y=2009|2p=325}} French Scientologists have reported being fired or refused jobs because of their beliefs,{{sfn|Palmer|2009|p=314}} and bombs have been thrown at French Scientology centers; in 2002 one Scientologist sustained permanent injuries as a result.{{sfn|Palmer|2009|pp=296, 302}} A 2022 [[YouGov]] poll on Americans' attitudes toward religious groups ranked Scientology as the country's least-favored group, with around 50% of respondents indicating a negative view of the practise, alongside [[Satanism]].<ref>{{Cite report |author=YouGov |date=23 December 2022 |title=Americans' views on 35 religious groups, organizations, and belief systems |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/12/23/americans-views-religious-groups-yougov-poll |publisher=YouGov |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Media, popular culture, and academia ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|Scientology in popular culture}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[File:South Park Xenu.jpg|thumb|The depiction of Xenu in the ''[[South Park]]'' episode \"Trapped in the Closet\"]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Scientology has received an \"extraordinary amount\" of media interest.{{sfn|Graham|2014}} In his writings, Hubbard often described journalists in negative terms, for instance calling them \"merchants of chaos\".{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p=6}} He discouraged Scientologists from interacting with journalists, a tendency that, Westbrook argued, has contributed to negative press portrayals of the movement.{{sfn|Westbrook|2019|p=11}} Many journalists examining the organization have been concerned about potential human rights violations.{{sfn|Bigliardi|2016|p=671}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Academic research into Scientology was for several decades comparatively limited compared to the media and public interest in it.{{sfn|Graham|2014}} This has been attributed to the organization's secrecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Urban|1y=2011|1p=ix|2a1=Graham|2y=2014}} its reputation for litigiousness,{{sfnm|1a1=Lewis|1y=2009a|1p=4|2a1=Cowan|2y=2009|2p=53|3a1=Richardson|3y=2009|3p=284|4a1=Urban|4y=2011|4p=ix|5a1=Graham|5y=2014}} and a lack of academic access to documentary material about the organization.{{sfn|Cowan|2009|p=68}} Early studies included [[Roy Wallis]]' ''[[The Road to Total Freedom]]'' (1976) and Harriet Whitehead's ''Renunciation and Reformulation'' (1987).{{sfnm|1a1=Cowan|1y=2009|1p=56|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2022|2p=3}} Research intensified in the early 21st century,{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=2021|1p=161|2a1=Westbrook|2y=2022|2p=1}} and in 2014, the first academic conference on the topic was held, in [[Antwerp]], Belgium.{{sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2014|2a1=Thomas|2y=2021|2p=viii|3a1=Westbrook|3y=2022|3p=5}} Several academics who have studied the movement have described the organization paying close attention to their work by telephoning them and sending representatives to attend their talks on the subject.{{sfn|Graham|2014}} Some observers of Scientology have also been critical of scholars studying it, noting that they frequently act as apologists for it.{{sfn|Westbrook|2022|p=8}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Documentaries about Scientology have typically focused on allegations about the Scientology organization's intimidating behavior, greed and brainwashing.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=36-37}} Popular examples include [[Louis Theroux]]'s 2015 documentary ''[[My Scientology Movie]]'',{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=31}} and [[Leah Remini]]'s documentary series ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath|Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' and her book ''[[Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology]]'', drawing on her experience as a member of the Church of Scientology.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=34}}<ref name=\"variety\">{{Cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/leah-remini-scientology-documentary-ratings-1201930528/|author=Oriana Schwindt|magazine=Variety|title=Leah Remini Scientology Doc Premiere Draws 2.1 Million Viewers for A&E &#124; Variety |date= November 30, 2016 |access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref> [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]'s 2012 film ''[[The Master (2012 film)|The Master]]'' features a religious organization called \"The Cause\" that has similarities to Scientology and a protagonist who has similarities to Hubbard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lane |title=So This New Paul Thomas Anderson Movie Is Definitely About Scientology, Right? |website=New York Magazine |date=December 3, 2010 |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/12/so_this_new_paul_thomas_anders.html |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lane |title=Universal Passes on Paul Thomas Anderson's Scientology Movie |website=New York Magazine |date=March 17, 2010 |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/03/why_does_paul_thomas_andersons.html |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/26/scientology-hollywood-film-studio |title=Church of Scientology snaps up Hollywood film studio |last=Pilkington |first=Ed |website=[[The Guardian|Guardian.co.uk]] |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=June 12, 2011}}</ref> Comedy series have also critiqued Scientology.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=37}} The most notable was the 2005 ''[[South Park]]'' episode \"[[Trapped in the Closet (South Park)|Trapped in the Closet]]\", which satirized the Scientology founding myth of Xenu, accompanied by an onscreen caption reading \"This is what Scientologists actually believe\".<ref name=\"arp\">{{cite book|editor-last=Arp|editor-first=Robert|others=William Irwin (Series Editor)|title=South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today|publisher=Blackwell Publishing (The Blackwell Philosophy & Pop Culture Series)|date=December 11, 2006|pages=27, 59, 60, 118, 120, 132, 137, 138, 140, 224|isbn=978-1-4051-6160-2|title-link=South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today}}</ref> After explaining these beliefs, the character representing the Church of Scientology's president ultimately reveals to [[Stan Marsh]] that the organization is in reality a [[Confidence trick|money-making scam]].{{sfn|Thomas|2021|pp=vii, 37-38}}<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Trapped in the Closet |episode-link=Trapped_in_the_Closet_(South_Park) |url=https://southpark.cc.com/full-episodes/s09e12-trapped-in-the-closet |access-date=August 25, 2020 |series=South Park |series-link=South Park |first=John |last=Smith |network=Comedy Central |minutes=17:00 |quote=This is a scam on a global scale. Do you fucking get me now? |date=November 16, 2005 |season=9 |number=912}}</ref> There have also been theatre shows about Scientology, such as Cathy Schekelberg's 2017 one-person show ''Squeeze My Cans'' about her former life in the organization.{{sfn|Thomas|2021|p=38}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== See also ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Scientology and religious groups]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Scientology and homosexuality]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Notes ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Notelist}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== References ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><references></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"andersonreport\">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/vparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized/mode/1up?view=theater |first=Kevin Victor |last=Anderson |author-link=Kevin Victor Anderson |year=1965 |publisher=Government Printer, Melbourne}} ([https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html alternative link])</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"assemblee-nationale.fr\">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|publisher=assemblee-nationale.fr|title= National Assembly of France report No. 2468 |access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"auto\">{{Cite court |litigants=RE B & G (Minors: Custody)|opinion=F.L.R. 493|court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)]] |date=September 19, 1984 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/appeal.html |access-date=June 30, 2019}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"auto2\">{{Cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Church of Scientology |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1996/dec/17/church-of-scientology |house=House of Lords |date=December 17, 1996 |column_start=1392|column_end=1394}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"auto4\">{{Cite court |litigants=Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another|opinion=1 All ER 1023|court=[[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)]] |date=November 19, 1971 |url=https://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html |access-date=June 30, 2019 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"auto6\">A 1995 [[French Parliament|parliamentary]] report lists Scientology groups as [[cult]]s, and in its 2006 report [[MIVILUDES]] similarly classified Scientology organizations as a dangerous [[cult]]. </ins>[https://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/publications/francais/rapport_miviludes_2006.pdf Rapport au Premier ministre 2006 by MIVILUDES (in French)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web/20230924002505/https://www.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/publications/francais</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rapport_miviludes_2006.pdf |date=September 24, 2023 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"canlii.org\">{{Cite court|litigants=Regina v. Church of Scientology of Toronto|vol=33|reporter=O.R. (3d)|opinion=65|court=[[Court of Appeal for Ontario]]|date=April 18, 1997|url=https</ins>:/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/1997/1997canlii16226/1997canlii16226.html?resultIndex=38</ins>#<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">document|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=Cooper>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-26936135 |title=Scientology Gateshead building still empty after seven years |website=[[BBC News]]|date=August 19, 2014 |last1=Cooper|first1=Robert}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=Edge2006>{{Cite book |last=Edge |first=Peter W.|title=Religion and law: an introduction |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |url=https://www.routledge.com/Religion-and-Law-An-Introduction/Edge/p/book/9780754630487|access-date=July 3, 2020|date=2006| isbn=978-0-7546-3048-7}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"Flinn-WashingtonPost\">{{Cite news |first=Frank K. |last=Flinn |title=Scientology |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/06/30/DI2005063001394.html |work=Live discussion |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 5, 2005 |access-date=February 4, 2008 |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409210227/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/06/30/DI2005063001394.html |url-status=live}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=HCOA1983>{{Cite AustLII|HCA|40|1983|litigants=Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-roll Tax (Vict) |parallelcite=(1983) 154 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 120 |courtname=auto}} \"the evidence, in our view, establishes that Scientology must, for relevant purposes, be accepted as \"a religion\" in Victoria\"</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"leiby\">{{cite news |title=Scientology Fiction: The Church's War Against Its Critics \u2013 and Truth |date=December 25, 1994 |first=Richard |last=Leiby |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/12/25/scientology-fiction/809c906a-5145-4cce-a0fa-710d77adb5cd/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211053452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/12/25/scientology-fiction/809c906a-5145-4cce-a0fa-710d77adb5cd/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"malko\">{{cite book |first=George |last=Malko |title=Scientology: The Now Religion |title-link=Scientology: The Now Religion |year=1970 |publisher=[[Delacorte Press]] |ol=5444962M}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"NouvelObs\">{{Cite web|date=2009-05-26|title=Le point sur l'Eglise de Scientologie|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090525.OBS8000/le-point-sur-l-eglise-de-scientologie.html|access-date=2023-01-28|website=L'Obs|language=fr}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=NYTtaxrebel97>{{Cite news |first=Douglas |last=Frantz |title=Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 9, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012741/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 26, 2008 }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"reitman\">{{Cite book |last=Reitman |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Reitman |title=Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion |title-link=Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion |date=2011 |isbn=9780618883028 |ol=24881847M |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] }}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=reitman-rs>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/inside-scientology-103288/ |title=Inside Scientology |date=February 8, 2011 |orig-date=February 23, 2006 |first=Janet |last=Reitman |author-link=Janet Reitman |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502021124/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside-scientology-20110208 |archive-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=RichaLew09Court>{{harvnb|Richardson|2009}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"spiegel.de\">{{Cite news |date=December 7, 2007 |title=Hubbard's Church 'Unconstitutional': Germany Prepares to Ban Scientology |newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html |access-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"strangetimes101\">{{harvnb|Flowers|1984|p=101}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"The Buffalo News\">{{Cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Barry |last2=Cooper |first2=David Y. |date=August 19, 1992 |title=Toronto Church Faces Heavy Fine: Scientology Branch is Convicted of Spying on Police, Others |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/toronto-church-faces-heavy-fine-scientology-branch-is-convicted-of-spying-on-police-others/article_671948ed-5f3a-5867-bb1c-e56ba12bace1.html |access-date=July 3, 2020 |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |location=Buffalo, NY}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"truthrundown\">{{multiref2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|1=The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, [[St Petersburg Times]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|2=</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/scientology-the-truth-rundown/ |title=Part 1 \u2014 Scientology: The Truth Rundown |date=June 21, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209040134/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012148.ece |archive-date=9 February 2013}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|3=</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-2-of-3-death-in-slow-motion/ |title=The Truth Rundown, Part 2 \u2014 Death in slow motion |date=June 22, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024004252/https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-2-of-3-death-in-slow-motion/ |archive-date=October 24, 2019}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|4=</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-3-of-3-ecclesiastical-justice/ |title=The Truth Rundown, Part 3 \u2014 Ecclesiastical justice |date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809103436/http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece |archive-date=August 9, 2009}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><ref name=\"wallis\">{{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Wallis |title=The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology |title-link=The Road to Total Freedom |year=1977 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0231042000 |ol=4596322M}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></references></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Sources ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Refbegin|30em}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Peter B. |last2=Wellendorf |first2=Rie |chapter=Community in Scientology and among Scientologists |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=143\u2013163 |isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book|last=Atack|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Atack|title=A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed |year=1990|isbn=081840499X |ol=9429654M |publisher=[[Carol Publishing Group]] |url=https://archive.org/details/pieceofblueskysc00atac}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Bainbridge |first=William Sims|author-link1=William Sims Bainbridge |chapter=The Cultural Context of Scientology |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=35\u201351}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite journal |last1=Bainbridge |first1=William Sims|author-link1=William Sims Bainbridge|last2=Stark |first2=Rodney |title=Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear |journal=Sociological Analysis |volume=41 |number=2 |year=1980 |pages= 128\u2013136 |doi=10.2307/3709904 |jstor=3709904}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=David V. |title=The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions |publisher=Cassell and Co |year=2001 |isbn=978-0304355921 |location=London |ol=3999281M}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite magazine |first=Richard |last=Behar |author-link=Richard Behar |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,972865,00.html |title=Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 6, 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200902/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal|last=Beit-Hallahmi|first=Benjamin|title=Scientology: Religion or Racket?|author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi|journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]|volume=8|number=1|date=September 2003|pages=1\u201356|publisher=[[University of Marburg]]|doi=10.17192/mjr.2003.8.3724|doi-access=free}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{cite book |last1=Beit-Hallahmi |first1=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi|chapter=Collaborating with Scientology|title=Academic Advocacy </ins>for <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">New Religious Movements: Of Apocalypse and Justice |date=2025 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-031-83168-3 |pages=167\u2013213|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-83169-0_9 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-83169-0}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last=Bigliardi |first=Stefano |title=New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-Meter in Scientology Teachings |journal=Zygon |year=2016 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=661\u2013683 |doi=10.1111/zygo.12281 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |ol=16943235M |chapter=Making Sense of Scientology: Prophetic, Contractual Religion |pages=83\u2013102 |first=David G. |last=Bromley |author-link=David G. Bromley |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0005}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Cowan |first=Douglas E.|author-link=Douglas E. Cowan |chapter=Researching Scientology: Perceptions, Premises, Promises, and Problematics |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=53\u201379 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{harvc | last1 = Cowan | first1 = Douglas E. | author-link = Douglas E. Cowan | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G. | author-link2 = David G. Bromley |c = The Church of Scientology | year = 2006 | in1 = Gallagher | in2 = Ashcraft | pages = 169\u2013196 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book | last1 = Cowan | first1 = Douglas E. | author-link = Douglas E. Cowan | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G. | author2-link = David G. Bromley | title = Cults and New Religions: A Brief History | place = Malden, MA / Oxford, UK / Carlton, Victoria, Australia | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4051-6127-5 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last1 = Cowan |first1 = Douglas E. |author-link1 = Douglas E. Cowan | last2 = Bromley | first2=David G. |author-link2=David G. Bromley |year=2015|title=Cults and New Religions: A Brief History |location=Malden/Oxford|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1-118-72210-7|url=https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Cults+and+New+Religions:+A+Brief+History,+2nd+Edition-p-9781118722107|edition=2nd|chapter=The Church of Scientology: The Question of Religion|pages=18\u201337}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Cusack |first=Carole M. |chapter=Celebrity, the Popular Media, and Scientology: Making Familiar the Unfamiliar |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3| pages=389\u2013409 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last1=Cusack |first1=Carole M. |last2=Digance |first2=Justine |contribution=Pastoral Care and September 11: Scientology's Nontraditional Religious Contribution|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3| pages=435\u2013437 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Dericquebourg |first=R\u00e9gis |chapter=How Should We Regard the Religious Ceremonies of the Church of Scientology? |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=165\u2013182}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last=Doherty |first=Bernard |title=Sensational Scientology! The Church of Scientology and Australian Tabloid Television |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=17 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=38\u201363 |doi=10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.38 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.38 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book|last=Flowers |first=Ronald B. |title=Religion in Strange Times: The 1960s and 1970s |publisher=Mercer University Press |location=Macon, GA |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-86554-127-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioninstrang0000flow }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Flinn |first=Frank K. |chapter=Scientology as Technological Buddhism|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3|pages=209\u2013223 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book | editor1-last = Gallagher | editor1-first = Eugene V. | editor2-last = Ashcraft | editor2-first = W. Michael | title = Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America | series = Volume 5: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations | place = Westport, CT | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-275-98712-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC|access-date=November 5, 2015}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{cite AV media |last=Gartner |first=Hana |author-link1=Hana Gartner|date=1985 |title=Getting Clear|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_oJbrmTbmE |series=[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]] |type=Television production |location=Ottawa |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Ruth |date=November 5, 2014 |title=Are Academics Afraid to Study Scientology? |website=JSTOR Daily |url=https://daily.jstor.org/scholars-on-scientology/ }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Gr\u00fcnschlo\u00df |first=Andreas |chapter=Scientology, a 'New Age' Religion?|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3|pages=225\u2013243}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite journal|last=Halupka |first=Max |title=The Church of Scientology: Legitimacy through Perception Management |journal=Politics and Religion |volume=7 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=613\u2013630 |doi=10.1017/S1755048314000066 |s2cid=143524953}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{cite book |last1=Hammer |first1=Olav |last2=Rothstein |first2=Mikael |title=The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements |date=2012 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-new-religious-movements/A12643CA4E36C2F5CC5C5382A252AAAB|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|chapter=Canonical and Extracanonical Texts in New Religions|location=Cambridge/New York |isbn=978-0-521-19650-5 |ol=25323554M|pages=113\u2013132}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last1=Harley |first1=Gail M. |last2=Kieffer |first2=John |chapter=The Development and Reality of Auditing |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3|pages=183\u2013205}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite news |last1=Harman |first1=Danna |title=Breaking Out of Scientology's Iron Grip |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2012-09-30/ty-article/breaking-out-of-scientologys-iron-grip/0000017f-f8bc-d2d5-a9ff-f8bccf3e0000 |work=[[Haaretz]]|location=Tel Aviv|publisher=The Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd |date=September 30, 2012 |</ins>language<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602023839/https://www.haaretz.com/2012-09-30/ty-article/breaking-out-of-scientologys-iron-grip/0000017f-f8bc-d2d5-a9ff-f8bccf3e0000|archive-date=June 2, 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Steven A.|author-link1=Steven Hassan|last2=Scheflin |first2=Alan W.|editor-last1=Linden|editor-last2=De Benedittis|editor-last3=Sugarman|editor-last4=Varga|editor-first1=Julie H.|editor-first2=Giuseppe|editor-first3=Laurence I.|editor-first4=Katalin|chapter=Understanding the Dark Side of Hypnosis as a Form of Undue Influence Exerted in Authoritarian Cults: Implications for Practice, Policy, and Education|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis |date=2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon/New York |isbn=978-1-032-31140-1 |pages=755\u2013772 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-International-Handbook-of-Clinical-Hypnosis/Linden-DeBenedittis-Sugarman-Varga/p/book/9781032311401}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite journal |last1=Helton |first1=Arthur |last2=M\u00fcnker |first2=Jochen |title=Religion and persecution: Should the United States provide refuge to German Scientologists? |journal=[[International Journal of Refugee Law]] |date=1 April 1999 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=310\u2013328 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/11.2.310}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |author-link=Stephen A. Kent |year=1996 |title=Scientology's Relationship With Eastern Religious Traditions |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=21\u201336 |url=https://skent.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Scientology-and-Eastern-Religions.pdf |access-date=December 7, 2025 |doi=10.1080/13537909608580753 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531084708/https://skent.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Scientology-and-Eastern-Religions.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Stephen A.|title=Scientology -- Is this a Religion?|author-link=Stephen A. Kent|journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]|volume=4|number=1|date=1999a|pages=1\u201356|publisher=[[University of Marburg]]|doi=10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3754|doi-access=free}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Manca |first2=Terra A. |title=A War over Mental Health Professionalism: Scientology versus Psychiatry|doi-access=free |journal=[[Mental Health, Religion & Culture]</ins>] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1\u201323 |doi=10.1080/13674676.2012.737552 |pmid=24348087 |pmc=3856510 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Cite book |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009c|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |chapter=Introduction |year=2009a|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=3\u201314 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |chapter=The Growth of Scientology and the Stark Model of Religious 'Success'|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009b|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=117\u2013140 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |year=2012 |chapter=Scientology: Up Stat, Down Stat |title=The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements|url=</ins>https://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-new-religious-movements/A12643CA4E36C2F5CC5C5382A252AAAB|editor1=Olav Hammer |editor2=Mikael Rothstein |location=Cambridge/New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-19650-5 |pages=133\u2013149 |ol=25323554M}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=James R. |title=Free Zone Scientology and Other Movement Milieus: A Preliminary Characterization |journal=Temenos: Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion |volume=49 |number=2 |year=2013 |pages=255\u2013276|doi=10.33356/temenos.8203 |doi-access=free |hdl=10037/25718 |hdl-access=free }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |title=Handbook of Scientology |editor-last1 = Lewis |editor-first1 = James R. | editor-link1 = James R. Lewis (scholar) |editor-last2=Helles\u00f8y|editor-first2=Kjersti|date=2017|url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/27160|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004328716}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Melton |first=Gordon|author-link=J. Gordon Melton|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=James R.|editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001/acprof-9780195331493 |title=Scientology |chapter=Birth of a Religion |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York/Oxford|access-date=November 23, 2020 |isbn=978-0-1953-3149-3 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0002 |date=March 19, 2009|pages=17\u201329 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Russell|year=1987|title=Bare-faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard|publisher=H. Holt|isbn=978-0-8050-0654-4|edition=1st American|location=New York |url=https://archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">details/barefacedmessiah00mill_0}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Susan J. |author-link=Susan J. Palmer |chapter=The Church of Scientology in France: Legal and Activist Counterattacks in the 'War on ''Sectes''' |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3| pages=295\u2013322 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite journal |last1=Passas |first1=Nikos |last2=Castillo |first2=Manuel Escamilla |title=Scientology and its 'Clear' Business |journal=[[Behavioral Sciences & the Law]]|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]|date=1992 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=103\u2013116 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2370100110}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=James T.|author-link=James T. Richardson|chapter=Scientology in Court: A Look at Some Major Cases from Various Nations |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=283\u2013294 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Rigal-Cellard |first=Bernadette |chapter=Scientology Missions International (SMI): An Immutable Model of Technological Missionary Activity |title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 |pages=325\u2013334 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Mikael |year=2004 |chapter=Science and Religion in the New Religions |title=The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements |editor=James R. Lewis |location=New York and [[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=99\u2013118 |isbn=978-0195369649 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Mikael |author-link=Mikael Rothstein |chapter='His Name was Xenu. He used Renegades...': Aspects of Scientology's Founding Myth |title=Scientology |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493 |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">oso/9780195331493.003.0020 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199852321 |ol=16943235M |pages=365\u2013387}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last1=Rothstein |first1=Mikael |title=The Significance of Rituals in Scientology</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A Brief Overview and a Few Examples |journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden|date=13 January 2016 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=54\u201370 |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341408}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite news |last1=Sappell |first1=Joel |last2=Welkos |first2=Robert |title=LRH: The Story of L. Ron Hubbard and the Church of Scientology \u2013 Goal of church: to make money |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/06/25/lrh-the-story-of-l-ron-hubbard-and-the-church-of-scientology-goal-of-church-</ins>to<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">-make-money/ |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |publisher=[[Times Publishing Company]] |date=June 25, 1990a |language=en}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last1=Senn |first1=Stephen |title=The Prosecution of Religious Fraud |journal=[[Florida State University Law Review]] |date=1990 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=325\u2013252 |url=https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol17/iss2/2/|location=Tallahassee|publisher=[[Florida State University College of Law]]}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Shermer|first=Michael|chapter=The Curious Case of Scientology|title=Giving the Devil his Due|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/psychology/psychology-general-interest/giving-devil-his-due-reflections-scientific-humanist?format=HB|isbn=9781108489782|location=Cambridge|pages=93\u2013103|year=2020}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Aled |year=2021 |title=Free Zone Scientology: Contesting the Boundaries of a New Religion |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-350-18254-7 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite news |last=Tobin|first=Thomas C.|date=December 27, 2016|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/former-scientology-insiders-describe-a-world-of-closers-prospects-crushing/1201166/|title=Former Scientology insiders describe a world of closers, prospects, crushing quotas and coercion|work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|location=St Petersburg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200334/https://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/former-scientology-insiders-describe-a-world-of-closers-prospects-crushing/1201166/|archive-date=May 7, 2021|url-status=live}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book|last=Urban|first=Hugh B. |title=The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton and Oxford |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691158051/the-church-of-scientology|year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-14608-9}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |year=2012 |title=Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |editor-last=Bogdan |editor-first=Henrik |pages=335\u201368 |isbn=978-0-19-986309-9 |oclc=820009842 |chapter=The Occult Roots of Scientology? L. Ron Hubbard, Aleister Crowley, and the Origins of a Controversial New Religion |editor2-last=Starr |editor2-first=Martin P.}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |title=Secrecy: Silence, Power, and Religion|last=Urban|first=Hugh|author-link=Hugh Urban|year=2021|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo68651489.html|location=Chicago/London|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-74650-0|chapter=The Third Wall of Fire|pages=165\u2013186}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Westbrook |first=Donald A. |year=2019 |title=Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford Studies in Western Esotericism |isbn=978-0190664978}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*{{Cite book |last=Westbrook |first=Donald A. |year=2022 |title=L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Elements: New Religious Movements |isbn=978-1-009-01455-7 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book|last=Willms|first=Gerald|title=Scientology: Kulturbeobachtungen jenseits der Devianz|publisher=transcript Verlag|location=Bielefeld, Germany|year=2005|isbn=978-3-89942-330-3|language=de}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book |last=Willms |first=Gerald |chapter=Scientology: 'Modern Religion' or 'Religion of Modernity'?|title=Scientology|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientology-9780195331493|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |location=Oxford/New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-5331-49-3 | pages=245\u2013265 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite book | last1 = Zellner | first1 = William W. | last2 = Petrowsky | first2 = Marc | title = Sects, Cults, and Spiritual Communities: a Sociological Analysis | place = Westport CT | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-275-96335-4 }}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Refend}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== External links ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Sister project links|Scientology|b=no|d=Q131036}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><!--======================== {{No more links}} ========================</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia\u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.\u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or\u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| replacements </ins>on <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">this article's discussion page, or submit </ins>your <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">link |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org)\u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 |</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">============================ {{No more links}} ======================--></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/kent/religion.html Scientology \u2013 Is This a Religion? by Stephen A. Kent]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605194812/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/1999/articles/frenschkowski1999.pdf An Annotated Bibliographical Survey of Primary and Secondary Literature on L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{Cite journal |last=Lord|first=Phil|title=Scientology's Legal System|location=Marburg Journal of Religion|year=2019 |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3232113 |ssrn=3232113|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/9z9034375 |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology and law}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology by country}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology controversies}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology in popular culture}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology officials}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology organizations}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Scientology properties}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{L. Ron Hubbard}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{New Religious Movements}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{New Religious Movements in the United States}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Authority control}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Scientology| ]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:1952 introductions]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Confidence tricks]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Pseudoscience]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1950s]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:UFO religions]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n"
}
}